• HVYRAIN: Excessive Rainfall Discussion

    From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Tue Apr 14 00:18:57 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 140018
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    818 PM EDT Mon Apr 13 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 01Z Tue Apr 14 2026 - 12Z Tue Apr 14 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE UPPER MIDWEST...

    ...01Z Update...
    General thinking in terms of convective development and=20
    propagation continues this evening, as the activity is now
    beginning to exhibit more upscale growth from northwest IA-
    southern MN into central-nothern WI. While, more sfc-based=20
    convection expands across northwest IA, with CAPEs between=20
    3000-4000 J/Kg per the latest RAP/SPC mesoanalysis. Convection=20
    becomes more elevated with the forced ascent along and north of the
    warm front, with a deep elevated mixed layer (EML) and MUCAPEs=20
    still healthy between 1500-2500 J/Kg. Over time, the activity will=20
    continue to grow upscale into an MCS, with some likely southward=20
    propagation later tonight as the south-southwesterly LLJ=20
    strengthens to 45-55 kt early this evening before veering=20
    southwesterly. By midnight CDT, the latest RAP shows weakening=20
    Corfidi Vectors (less than 10 kts), indicative of the strengthening
    upstream propagation as the robust LLJ aligns with the mean=20
    850-300 mb flow while also reaching/ exceeding the magnitude of the
    mean deep-layer flow. This will favor a higher probability of=20
    training convection overnight withing the Slight Risk area, which=20
    was expanded southward into much of southeast WI, while also=20
    upstream to include the activity expanding across southeast MN and=20
    far western WI. Other adjustments to the Slight and Marginal Risk=20
    areas were based on the latest trends in the CAM guidance,=20
    including recent HRRR runs and 18Z HREF QPF exceedance=20
    probabilities.=20

    Hourly rainfall rates underneath the strongest cells (esp HP
    supercells) will reach 1.75-2.25" within an hour. For further
    information, please refer to the latest Mesoscale Precipitation
    Discussions or MPDs 100 and 101, both valid until 0330Z.

    Hurley


    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Tue Apr 14 2026 - 12Z Wed Apr 15 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL ACROSS THE CENTRAL
    L.P. OF MICHIGAN...

    21z update...
    ...Great Lakes Region...
    With the introduction of a Slight Risk across
    portions of WI, MI for the current Day 1 period, the affects of
    today's rainfall activity will likely result in changes and
    adjustments to this forecast. The synoptic environment did not
    change much with another leading shortwave/vorticity center lifting
    out over the mean ridge in the Great Lakes region. This will drive
    stronger confluence of the LLJ across Iowa to break out another
    round of strong/severe thunderstorms Tuesday evening. Overall deep
    layer steering flow and fairly orthogonal ascent over boundary
    reinforced by day 1 thunderstorm activity should help to focus a
    similar west to east (WNW to ENE) oriented axis of training
    thunderstorms. Upper-level dual jet couplet will further enhance
    up-scale growth to a broader complex to maintain through the
    overnight period, likely tracking through areas along or just south
    of the Day 1 activity. Still, most of the area remains at near or
    above record spring rainfall and soils are fairly saturated, so
    with cells capable of 1.5-2"/hr rates and localized totals of 2-3+"
    suggest the placement of a Slight Risk of Excessive Rainfall
    across portions of eastern WI and central MI (along and north of
    I-94).

    ...Pecos River Valley through Southern Plains into Ozark Plateau...
    Little change in expected evolution, storm mode across this area
    with the new 12z suite of guidance. Isolated cells along the dry
    line will be initially slow moving eventually locally expanding
    into smaller clusters after sunset. High moisture, slow cell
    motions may result in locally heavy rainfall 3-4", but will be
    isolated to widely scattered in nature. As such overall coverage
    suggests the Marginal Risk in place will suffice. The Marginal Risk
    area is connected to the area of concern over the Great Lakes and
    while there was some consideration of splitting the Marginal areas
    north of the Ozark Plateau to the Iowa border, but the threat
    remains non-zero and confidence is not that high on precise areas
    to remove; just note the coverage will decrease northward along the
    dry-line with best probability near the Lower Pecos and south-
    central OK based on current guidance suite.

    Gallina

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Wed Apr 15 2026 - 12Z Thu Apr 16 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FROM TEXAS TO
    THE UPPER MIDWEST/GREAT LAKES REGION...

    21z update...
    The surface to mid-level environment remains very similar to the
    prior 3 days, with a stark dry line extending from the Pecos River
    Valley across the Southern Plains into the Upper Mississippi
    Valley. The longer wave mid-level trough is starting to finally
    ejecting northeast into the central Plains though weakening as it
    progresses northward. The deep layer moisture axis and instability
    shift slightly eastward. As such clusters of thunderstorm activity
    with ample 1.5" Total PWats should result in rates up to 2"/hr and
    localized totals over 3" resulting in widely scattered clusters
    along/ahead of the main front, maintaining the need for the axis
    of Marginal Risk from northeast TX across the Ozark Plateau.

    Across the Great Lakes, overall moisture and instability will be
    reducing compared to prior days with warm front (mid-level
    confluence axis) continuing to drift further south across the
    Great Lakes. This moves further from the hydrologically
    sensitive/saturated areas of the northern Great Lakes region, but
    multiple days of stronger activity (current D1 and D2 periods) are
    likely to result in areas that will have saturated ground
    conditions by Day 3. Currently, the best overlap and probabilities
    for the most active convection on day 3 to be across NE IL across N
    IND into S MI and a Slight Risk may be required; however, without
    soil conditions becoming saturated yet, will hold off on
    delineating a categorical Slight Risk at this time.

    Gallina


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5FHCrm7ToMT8rv5U4Q4gBS2LGC_ICDJOCxdJMWg4t79U= QVtUVMfXu3RTZGdNYWRsYqdrMf_rW4jRK8jAhSLGteiw-7o$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5FHCrm7ToMT8rv5U4Q4gBS2LGC_ICDJOCxdJMWg4t79U= QVtUVMfXu3RTZGdNYWRsYqdrMf_rW4jRK8jAhSLGfnwRmG0$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5FHCrm7ToMT8rv5U4Q4gBS2LGC_ICDJOCxdJMWg4t79U= QVtUVMfXu3RTZGdNYWRsYqdrMf_rW4jRK8jAhSLGiwjJKww$=20

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Tue Apr 14 08:26:38 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 140826
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    426 AM EDT Tue Apr 14 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 12Z Tue Apr 14 2026 - 12Z Wed Apr 15 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL ACROSS THE CENTRAL
    L.P. OF MICHIGAN AND SOUTHEAST WISCONSIN...

    ...Great Lakes Region...

    A Slight Risk for excessive rainfall remains in effect for portions
    of the Great Lakes region. A shortwave/vorticity center lifting=20
    out over the mean ridge in the Great Lakes region will drive=20
    stronger confluence of the low level jet across Iowa to trigger another
    round of strong to severe thunderstorms Tuesday evening. Overall=20
    deep layer steering flow and fairly orthogonal ascent over boundary
    should help to focus a similar west to east (WNW to ENE) oriented=20
    axis of training thunderstorms. Upper-level dual jet couplet will=20
    further enhance up-scale growth to a broader complex to maintain=20
    through the overnight period. Most of the area remains at near or=20
    above record spring rainfall and soils are fairly saturated, so=20
    with cells capable of 1.5-2"/hr rates and localized totals of 2-3+"
    suggest the placement of a Slight Risk of Excessive Rainfall=20
    across portions of eastern WI and central MI (along and north of=20
    I-94).

    ...Pecos River Valley through Southern Plains into Ozark Plateau...

    A steady stream of PW values of 1.25 to 1.5 inches will be
    advecting northward through the Southern/Central Plains nearly
    parallel to the dryline. This will be conducive for slow storm
    motion with locally heavy rainfall. Consensus suggests 3 to 4
    inches possible within the isolated cells. The Marginal Risk area=20
    is connected to the area of concern over the Great Lakes and just=20
    note the coverage will decrease northward along the dry-line.

    Campbell/Gallina


    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Wed Apr 15 2026 - 12Z Thu Apr 16 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FROM TEXAS TO
    THE UPPER MIDWEST/GREAT LAKES REGION...

    The surface to mid-level environment remains very similar to the=20
    prior 3 days, with a stark dry line extending from the Pecos River=20
    Valley across the Southern Plains into the Upper Mississippi=20
    Valley. During this period the longwave trough will finally be
    making progress toward the Central Plains albeit as it begins to=20
    weaken and the deep layer moisture axis and instability shift=20
    slightly eastward. Thunderstorms are expected to break out with
    hourly rates pulsing up to 2 inches/hr. Some locations ahead or
    along the frontal boundary may receive over 3 inches between the
    Ozarks Plateau and northeast Texas.

    Further north, the environment over the Midwest/Great Lakes region
    will have notably less moisture and instability present then the=20
    days prior, however additional rains will maintain an elevated=20
    threat for localized flooding over the hydrologically=20
    sensitive/saturated areas of the northern Great Lakes region. The=20
    most favorable location for appreciable precipitation will be from
    northeast Illinois to souther Michigan. The Marginal Risk area was
    maintained and in spans from northeast Texas northward to=20
    Wisconsin/Lower Michigan and east to western New Yorks and=20
    Pennsylvania.

    Campbell/Gallina

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Thu Apr 16 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 17 2026

    The probability of rainfall exceeding flash flooding guidance is
    less than 5 percent.

    Campbell

    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!_LcleYCrf7nCgZibR8V-fOHisyH2kuzu57D0C0hlxIOX= 006NKJV3fzupomRai9U5Pb4d92cGJIy1oGMGRxbW1Nh-MuQ$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!_LcleYCrf7nCgZibR8V-fOHisyH2kuzu57D0C0hlxIOX= 006NKJV3fzupomRai9U5Pb4d92cGJIy1oGMGRxbW7NAztFc$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!_LcleYCrf7nCgZibR8V-fOHisyH2kuzu57D0C0hlxIOX= 006NKJV3fzupomRai9U5Pb4d92cGJIy1oGMGRxbW52rmQT4$=20

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Tue Apr 14 16:06:08 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 141605
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    1205 PM EDT Tue Apr 14 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Tue Apr 14 2026 - 12Z Wed Apr 15 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL ACROSS THE CENTRAL
    L.P. OF MICHIGAN,SOUTHEAST WISCONSIN, AND THE OHIO VALLEY...

    ... Ohio Valley...

    16Z Update: The Slight Risk for Excessive Rainfall was expanded
    farther south to include central Illinois to central Indiana.Radar
    and surface observations show an outflow boundary lingering across
    the region from early morning showers and thunderstorms that may be
    a focal point for locally heavy rainfall this afternoon and
    evening. The RRFS and ARW model camps in particular are
    highlighting this region with QPF maxima in the 2-5 inch range.
    High seasonable PWATS and abundant instability also support the
    potential for high hourly rainfall rates.=20

    ...Wisconsin and Michigan...

    16z Update:=20

    The forecast continues to support the risk for flash=20
    flooding as storms are expected to form along a stationary boundary
    over Wisconsin and then congeal into a line of storms that=20
    progresses southeastward into Michigan. The low level jet will=20
    transport moisture orthogonal to a stationary boundary across the=20
    region with the training of storms possible. Most of the area=20
    remains at near or above record spring rainfall and soils are=20
    fairly saturated. Cells capable of 1.5-2"/hr rates and localized=20
    totals of 2-3+" suggest the placement of a Slight Risk of Excessive
    Rainfall from southern Wisconsin to eastern Michigan.=20

    ...Previous Discussion...

    A Slight Risk for excessive rainfall remains
    in effect for portions of the Great Lakes region. A=20
    shortwave/vorticity center lifting out over the mean ridge in the=20
    Great Lakes region will drive stronger confluence of the low level=20
    jet across Iowa to trigger another round of strong to severe=20
    thunderstorms Tuesday evening. Overall deep layer steering flow and
    fairly orthogonal ascent over boundary should help to focus a=20
    similar west to east (WNW to ENE) oriented axis of training=20
    thunderstorms. Upper-level dual jet couplet will further enhance=20
    up-scale growth to a broader complex to maintain through the=20
    overnight period. Most of the area remains at near or above record=20
    spring rainfall and soils are fairly saturated, so with cells=20
    capable of 1.5-2"/hr rates and localized totals of 2-3+" suggest=20
    the placement of a Slight Risk of Excessive Rainfall across=20
    portions of eastern WI and central MI (along and north of I-94).

    ... Lower Trans-Pecos/Big Bend...

    16 Update:

    Latest model guidance indicates a higher QPF maxima across the
    Lower Trans-Pecos region into the Big Bend as storms fire along the
    dry line in presence of a seasonally moist environment. HREF 24
    hour QPF neighborhood probabilities are around 50-70% for 2 inches
    and 10-20% probabilities for 3 hour QPF exceeding flash flood
    guidance. A Marginal Risk was maintained, but this area will be a
    focus for locally heavy rainfall.

    ...Oklahoma and Kansas...

    16z Update: Another targeted area for heavy rainfall will be span
    south of the Norman area, northeastward into the Tulsa metro and
    southern Kansas. Hi-res guidance indicates multiple rounds of
    storms could traverse this region as storms fire along the dry line
    boundary and south of a stationary front in Kansas. HREF 24 hour=20
    QPF probabilities exceeding 2 inches are fairly high (50-70%) and=20
    20-40% for exceeding 3 inches.=20

    ...Previous Discussion...
    A steady stream of PW values of 1.25 to=20
    1.5 inches will be advecting northward through the Southern/Central
    Plains nearly parallel to the dryline. This will be conducive for=20
    slow storm motion with locally heavy rainfall. Consensus suggests 3
    to 4 inches possible within the isolated cells. The Marginal Risk=20
    area is connected to the area of concern over the Great Lakes and=20
    just note the coverage will decrease northward along the dry-line.

    Campbell/Gallina


    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Wed Apr 15 2026 - 12Z Thu Apr 16 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FROM TEXAS TO
    THE UPPER MIDWEST/GREAT LAKES REGION...

    The surface to mid-level environment remains very similar to the
    prior 3 days, with a stark dry line extending from the Pecos River
    Valley across the Southern Plains into the Upper Mississippi
    Valley. During this period the longwave trough will finally be
    making progress toward the Central Plains albeit as it begins to
    weaken and the deep layer moisture axis and instability shift
    slightly eastward. Thunderstorms are expected to break out with
    hourly rates pulsing up to 2 inches/hr. Some locations ahead or
    along the frontal boundary may receive over 3 inches between the
    Ozarks Plateau and northeast Texas.

    Further north, the environment over the Midwest/Great Lakes region
    will have notably less moisture and instability present then the
    days prior, however additional rains will maintain an elevated
    threat for localized flooding over the hydrologically
    sensitive/saturated areas of the northern Great Lakes region. The
    most favorable location for appreciable precipitation will be from
    northeast Illinois to souther Michigan. The Marginal Risk area was
    maintained and in spans from northeast Texas northward to
    Wisconsin/Lower Michigan and east to western New Yorks and
    Pennsylvania.

    Campbell/Gallina

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Thu Apr 16 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 17 2026

    The probability of rainfall exceeding flash flooding guidance is
    less than 5 percent.

    Campbell

    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!9LmEuE07h1fy-YteAMxIas4p5wpLVAe0hCTvQoS9MT8E= QFl2fBcfZSZIzTE4N3Xd5VbrhF8p174vlPLPSoXdIadh41k$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!9LmEuE07h1fy-YteAMxIas4p5wpLVAe0hCTvQoS9MT8E= QFl2fBcfZSZIzTE4N3Xd5VbrhF8p174vlPLPSoXdca40-TQ$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!9LmEuE07h1fy-YteAMxIas4p5wpLVAe0hCTvQoS9MT8E= QFl2fBcfZSZIzTE4N3Xd5VbrhF8p174vlPLPSoXdz5m4zRY$=20

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Tue Apr 14 19:41:18 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 141941
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    341 PM EDT Tue Apr 14 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Tue Apr 14 2026 - 12Z Wed Apr 15 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL ACROSS THE CENTRAL
    L.P. OF MICHIGAN,SOUTHEAST WISCONSIN, AND THE OHIO VALLEY...

    ... Ohio Valley...

    16Z Update: The Slight Risk for Excessive Rainfall was expanded
    farther south to include central Illinois to central Indiana.Radar
    and surface observations show an outflow boundary lingering across
    the region from early morning showers and thunderstorms that may be
    a focal point for locally heavy rainfall this afternoon and
    evening. The RRFS and ARW model camps in particular are
    highlighting this region with QPF maxima in the 2-5 inch range.
    High seasonable PWATS and abundant instability also support the
    potential for high hourly rainfall rates.

    ...Wisconsin and Michigan...

    16z Update:

    The forecast continues to support the risk for flash
    flooding as storms are expected to form along a stationary boundary
    over Wisconsin and then congeal into a line of storms that
    progresses southeastward into Michigan. The low level jet will
    transport moisture orthogonal to a stationary boundary across the
    region with the training of storms possible. Most of the area
    remains at near or above record spring rainfall and soils are
    fairly saturated. Cells capable of 1.5-2"/hr rates and localized
    totals of 2-3+" suggest the placement of a Slight Risk of Excessive
    Rainfall from southern Wisconsin to eastern Michigan.

    ...Previous Discussion...

    A Slight Risk for excessive rainfall remains
    in effect for portions of the Great Lakes region. A
    shortwave/vorticity center lifting out over the mean ridge in the
    Great Lakes region will drive stronger confluence of the low level
    jet across Iowa to trigger another round of strong to severe
    thunderstorms Tuesday evening. Overall deep layer steering flow and
    fairly orthogonal ascent over boundary should help to focus a
    similar west to east (WNW to ENE) oriented axis of training
    thunderstorms. Upper-level dual jet couplet will further enhance
    up-scale growth to a broader complex to maintain through the
    overnight period. Most of the area remains at near or above record
    spring rainfall and soils are fairly saturated, so with cells
    capable of 1.5-2"/hr rates and localized totals of 2-3+" suggest
    the placement of a Slight Risk of Excessive Rainfall across
    portions of eastern WI and central MI (along and north of I-94).

    ... Lower Trans-Pecos/Big Bend...

    16 Update:

    Latest model guidance indicates a higher QPF maxima across the
    Lower Trans-Pecos region into the Big Bend as storms fire along the
    dry line in presence of a seasonally moist environment. HREF 24
    hour QPF neighborhood probabilities are around 50-70% for 2 inches
    and 10-20% probabilities for 3 hour QPF exceeding flash flood
    guidance. A Marginal Risk was maintained, but this area will be a
    focus for locally heavy rainfall.

    ...Oklahoma and Kansas...

    16z Update: Another targeted area for heavy rainfall will be span
    south of the Norman area, northeastward into the Tulsa metro and
    southern Kansas. Hi-res guidance indicates multiple rounds of
    storms could traverse this region as storms fire along the dry line
    boundary and south of a stationary front in Kansas. HREF 24 hour
    QPF probabilities exceeding 2 inches are fairly high (50-70%) and
    20-40% for exceeding 3 inches.

    ...Previous Discussion...
    A steady stream of PW values of 1.25 to
    1.5 inches will be advecting northward through the Southern/Central
    Plains nearly parallel to the dryline. This will be conducive for
    slow storm motion with locally heavy rainfall. Consensus suggests 3
    to 4 inches possible within the isolated cells. The Marginal Risk
    area is connected to the area of concern over the Great Lakes and
    just note the coverage will decrease northward along the dry-line.

    Campbell/Wilder


    Day 2 Valid 12Z Wed Apr 15 2026 - 12Z Thu Apr 16 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR THE GREAT
    LAKES AND NORTHERN OHIO VALLEY..

    The surface to mid-level environment remains very similar to the
    past couple of days with a stark dry line extending from the Pecos
    River Valley across the Southern Plains into the Upper Mississippi
    Valley. A stationary front will continue to align west to east=20
    from Illinois to New York and serve as a mechanism for heavy=20
    rainfall potential. The longwave trough will finally be making=20
    progress toward the Central Plains and the deep layer moisture axis
    and instability shifts slightly eastward.

    An upgrade to a Slight Risk for Excessive Rainfall was added across
    southern Wisconsin and Michigan. Across the northern Ohio Valley,
    northern Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio were included in the risk
    area. A persistence forecast worked well here where instability,
    plentiful moisture near the surface (PWATS near or exceeding 1.5=20
    inches), and a nearby stationary boundary and weak area of low
    pressure will help create an environment capable of producing heavy
    rainfall. WPC QPF indicates 1-3 inches of rain over the same=20
    regions that have have seen rounds of heavy rainfall over the past
    couple of days. The flash flood guidance, meanwhile, has lowered to
    a half an inch to an inch. Another consideration was the flash
    flood sensitivity for urban areas such as Milwaukee, Chicago, and
    Detroit. The Slight Risk does extend southward across northern Illinois
    and Indiana to account for uncertainty on storm track and the
    spread of 2 inch HREF 24 hr QPF neighborhood probability.=20

    ...Eastern Oklahoma and the Ozarks...

    Similar to the past couple of days, afternoon storms are likely to
    form and trek from the southwest to northeast ahead of the=20
    longwave trough moving into the Central Plains. Eastern Oklahoma
    into the Ozarks will be in the right entrance of the jet streak,
    which will help provide lift. At the surface, high PWATS and
    surface instability will once again prime the atmosphere for hourly
    rainfall rates of an inch/hr. QPF guidance does show a maximum of
    1-2 inches across the region, but model guidance shows little to=20
    no probability for accumulations exceeding 2 inches. Therefore, a=20
    Marginal Risk is maintained for the risk area. Additionally, the=20
    more flash flood prone Ozark mountain range is relatively dry.=20

    ...Northeast...

    A Marginal Risk for Excessive Rainfall was expanded eastward across
    New York State to Connecticut. Moisture transport will increase=20
    across the east as the longwave trough shifts eastward into the=20
    center of the country. Additionally, weak areas of low pressure=20
    will ride along a stationary boundary across the Northeast that=20
    will help funnel moisture across the area. Remnants of the storms=20
    across the Great Lakes may bring a round of showers and storms in=20
    the morning, followed by another round of heavier showers and=20
    thunderstorms in the afternoon. Model guidance shows a corridor of
    1-1.5 inches rainfall with embedded higher amounts depending on the
    model. The relatively lower flash guidance across western=20
    Pennsylvania and the more urban footprint of areas such as=20
    Connecticut and New England also help confidence of expanding the=20
    Marginal eastward.=20

    Wilder

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Thu Apr 16 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 17 2026

    The probability of rainfall exceeding flash flooding guidance is
    less than 5 percent.

    Wilder

    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!9iIW9u-JTSM2qKqMOK5a-LHqlaJvXBRTG3jzn6_mtzch= LulFVAZIUnOCjGZQ-rN2A6LEcNtDyuuAoLYqgfPrR2ZigiU$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!9iIW9u-JTSM2qKqMOK5a-LHqlaJvXBRTG3jzn6_mtzch= LulFVAZIUnOCjGZQ-rN2A6LEcNtDyuuAoLYqgfPrUoIQm00$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!9iIW9u-JTSM2qKqMOK5a-LHqlaJvXBRTG3jzn6_mtzch= LulFVAZIUnOCjGZQ-rN2A6LEcNtDyuuAoLYqgfPr7_Ogdc4$=20

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Wed Apr 15 00:51:28 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 150051
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    851 PM EDT Tue Apr 14 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 01Z Wed Apr 15 2026 - 12Z Wed Apr 15 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL ACROSS PORTIONS OF
    THE UPPER MIDWEST TO THE OHIO VALLEY...

    ... Ohio Valley...
    Only minor adjustments were made based on short-term radar imagery
    but did not reflect whole-sale change in previous forecast
    reasoning. The latest HREF and ARW runs still favored the area
    while rainfall and related probability of exceedance from the RRFS
    were lower. High seasonable PWATS and abundant instability also=20
    support the potential for high hourly rainfall rates.

    ...Wisconsin and Michigan...

    Made a northward expansion of the Slight risk in parts of=20
    Wisconsin and Michigan in response to short-term trends in radar=20
    and satellite imagery. Given the placement of convecitive=20 initiation...starting to give more credence to the HREF camp for=20
    overnight convection and risk of excessive rainfall. In particular,
    concern involves the potential for storms to expand northeastward=20
    and eastward across Wisconsin and northeast Iowa given favorable=20
    interaction if a warm front at the surface and steep mid-level=20
    lapse rates yielding 1.5 to 2 inch per hour rates in the shorter=20
    term before rates begin to diminish...although areas downstream=20
    have been made more prone to flooding by 3 to 5 inch rainfall=20
    amounts over the past few days. See MPD 0105 for further details.

    ...Iowa/Illinois...
    Expanded the Slight Risk area westward into Iowa in the wake of=20
    one round of showers and thundersotms over the northeast part of=20
    the state due to concern over convective redevelopment. Normally
    this would be a candidate for removal from the Slight risk
    area...but moist south to southwest flow at low levels over-running
    the surface outflow boundary has the potential to ignite addition
    storms capable of producing locally intense rainfall rates. If=20
    that scenario is realized...rainfall rates in excess of 1 inch per
    hour are possible where 1-hour Flash Flood Guidance is=20
    comparable...with the potential for storms to track along that same
    interface into Illinois. See MPD 0106 for further details.=20=20


    ...Central Plains southwestward to the Lower Trans-Pecos/Big=20
    Bend...

    ...Oklahoma and Kansas...
    A broad corridor of moisture and instability is expected to remain=20
    in place overnight...with the HREF and RRFS indicating the
    potential for multiple rounds of convectionn firing in proximity to
    the dryline. HREF neighborhood probabilties of 24 hour rainfall
    exceeding 2 inches are fairly high (50-70%) and 20-40% for=20
    exceeding 3 inches. With a steady stream of PW values of 1.25 to=20
    1.5 inches being advecting northward through the Southern/Central=20
    Plains nearly parallel to the dryline...slow storm motion is
    expected, Much as before...this Marginal Risk area was a
    southwestward extension of the excessive rainfall outlook areas
    over parts of the Upper Midwest/Great Lakes region.

    Bann


    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Wed Apr 15 2026 - 12Z Thu Apr 16 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR THE GREAT
    LAKES AND NORTHERN OHIO VALLEY..

    The surface to mid-level environment remains very similar to the
    past couple of days with a stark dry line extending from the Pecos
    River Valley across the Southern Plains into the Upper Mississippi
    Valley. A stationary front will continue to align west to east
    from Illinois to New York and serve as a mechanism for heavy
    rainfall potential. The longwave trough will finally be making
    progress toward the Central Plains and the deep layer moisture axis
    and instability shifts slightly eastward.

    An upgrade to a Slight Risk for Excessive Rainfall was added across
    southern Wisconsin and Michigan. Across the northern Ohio Valley,
    northern Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio were included in the risk
    area. A persistence forecast worked well here where instability,
    plentiful moisture near the surface (PWATS near or exceeding 1.5
    inches), and a nearby stationary boundary and weak area of low
    pressure will help create an environment capable of producing heavy
    rainfall. WPC QPF indicates 1-3 inches of rain over the same
    regions that have have seen rounds of heavy rainfall over the past
    couple of days. The flash flood guidance, meanwhile, has lowered to
    a half an inch to an inch. Another consideration was the flash
    flood sensitivity for urban areas such as Milwaukee, Chicago, and
    Detroit. The Slight Risk does extend southward across northern Illinois
    and Indiana to account for uncertainty on storm track and the
    spread of 2 inch HREF 24 hr QPF neighborhood probability.

    ...Eastern Oklahoma and the Ozarks...

    Similar to the past couple of days, afternoon storms are likely to
    form and trek from the southwest to northeast ahead of the
    longwave trough moving into the Central Plains. Eastern Oklahoma
    into the Ozarks will be in the right entrance of the jet streak,
    which will help provide lift. At the surface, high PWATS and
    surface instability will once again prime the atmosphere for hourly
    rainfall rates of an inch/hr. QPF guidance does show a maximum of
    1-2 inches across the region, but model guidance shows little to
    no probability for accumulations exceeding 2 inches. Therefore, a
    Marginal Risk is maintained for the risk area. Additionally, the
    more flash flood prone Ozark mountain range is relatively dry.

    ...Northeast...

    A Marginal Risk for Excessive Rainfall was expanded eastward across
    New York State to Connecticut. Moisture transport will increase
    across the east as the longwave trough shifts eastward into the
    center of the country. Additionally, weak areas of low pressure
    will ride along a stationary boundary across the Northeast that
    will help funnel moisture across the area. Remnants of the storms
    across the Great Lakes may bring a round of showers and storms in
    the morning, followed by another round of heavier showers and
    thunderstorms in the afternoon. Model guidance shows a corridor of
    1-1.5 inches rainfall with embedded higher amounts depending on the
    model. The relatively lower flash guidance across western
    Pennsylvania and the more urban footprint of areas such as
    Connecticut and New England also help confidence of expanding the
    Marginal eastward.

    Wilder

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Thu Apr 16 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 17 2026

    The probability of rainfall exceeding flash flooding guidance is
    less than 5 percent.

    Wilder

    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!7wfbzWuKF1N_DkDfZJ0JVEuRMLLu67FJ8m2B-ec4yNcN= NyFfOBBXlCPOn0eyczgkv1AGFQnr1eROdf16pzNLsvnaB80$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!7wfbzWuKF1N_DkDfZJ0JVEuRMLLu67FJ8m2B-ec4yNcN= NyFfOBBXlCPOn0eyczgkv1AGFQnr1eROdf16pzNL4Iyi-yw$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!7wfbzWuKF1N_DkDfZJ0JVEuRMLLu67FJ8m2B-ec4yNcN= NyFfOBBXlCPOn0eyczgkv1AGFQnr1eROdf16pzNLhqiaVBo$=20

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Wed Apr 15 08:03:55 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 150803
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    403 AM EDT Wed Apr 15 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 12Z Wed Apr 15 2026 - 12Z Thu Apr 16 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR THE GREAT=20
    LAKES AND NORTHERN OHIO VALLEY..

    Showers and thunderstorms will continue to focus near the west-east
    orientated frontal boundary draped across the Ohio Valley/Great
    Lakes region into the Northeast as a weak surface low traverses the
    boundary and intersects the abundant moisture and instability. Meanwhile,
    the longwave trough will finally be making progress toward the=20
    Central Plains and the deep layer moisture axis and instability=20
    shifts slightly eastward. This setup will be conducive for periods
    of heavy rainfall. Models are suggesting areal averages of 1 to 3
    inches occurring with some overlap with rainfall footprint from
    prior days. The Slight Risk remains in effect from northern=20
    Illinois to souther Michigan and northwest Ohio to account for=20
    uncertainty on storm track and the spread of 2 inch HREF 24 hr QPF=20 neighborhood probability.

    ...Eastern Oklahoma and the Ozarks...

    Convection is expected to become more active during the afternoon
    and track generally from the southwest to northeast ahead of the
    approaching trough. Eastern Oklahoma into the Ozarks will be in=20
    the right entrance of the jet streak, which will help provide lift.
    At the surface, high PWATS and surface instability will once again
    prime the atmosphere for hourly rainfall rates of an inch/hr. QPF=20
    guidance does show a maximum of 1-2 inches across the region, but=20
    model guidance shows little to no probability for accumulations=20
    exceeding 2 inches. Therefore, a Marginal Risk is maintained for=20
    the risk area. Additionally, the more flash flood prone Ozark=20
    mountain range is relatively dry.

    ...Northeast...

    Remnants of the storms across the Great Lakes may bring a round of
    showers and storms in the morning, followed by another round of=20
    heavier showers and thunderstorms in the afternoon. Model guidance=20
    shows a corridor of 1-1.5 inches rainfall with embedded higher=20
    amounts depending on the model. The relatively lower flash guidance
    across western Pennsylvania and the more urban footprint of areas=20
    such as Connecticut and New England also help confidence of=20
    expanding the Marginal eastward.

    Campbell/Wilder


    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Thu Apr 16 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 17 2026

    The probability of rainfall exceeding flash flooding guidance is
    less than 5 percent.

    Campbell

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Fri Apr 17 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 18 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR NORTHERN
    MISSOURI, EASTERN IOWA AND NORTHWEST ILLINOIS...

    A band of weakening showers and thunderstorms will pass through=20
    the Ohio Valley with the lead shortwave trough. Meanwhile the long
    wave trough approaching the Midwest will have better large scale=20
    ascent and instability to yield better areal coverage of QPF with a
    more focused swath of higher amounts across Missouri to the
    Illinois/Wisconsin border. The previous Slight Risk area was
    positioned more over Iowa and Wisconsin, however the latest trends
    suggest a modest south/southeast adjustment to northern Missouri,
    eastern Iowa, northwest Illinois and extreme southwest Wisconsin.=20
    will be valid from northern Missouri to southwestern Wisconsin for=20

    Campbell

    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!7yuJ-AkXMXLJ8IF0RXTLo9mRo1Zl3XLgQdUezM_L-xWf= Px4npwcQOOS5QrytKQpnaI538pKmkcaEoHqqHLpfETQgXwY$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!7yuJ-AkXMXLJ8IF0RXTLo9mRo1Zl3XLgQdUezM_L-xWf= Px4npwcQOOS5QrytKQpnaI538pKmkcaEoHqqHLpfp4KhiA8$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!7yuJ-AkXMXLJ8IF0RXTLo9mRo1Zl3XLgQdUezM_L-xWf= Px4npwcQOOS5QrytKQpnaI538pKmkcaEoHqqHLpfwll4zw8$=20

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Wed Apr 15 15:50:39 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 151550
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    1150 AM EDT Wed Apr 15 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Wed Apr 15 2026 - 12Z Thu Apr 16 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR THE GREAT
    LAKES AND NORTHERN OHIO VALLEY..

    ...Great Lakes and Ohio Valley...

    16Z Update: Another round of convection anticipated this afternoon
    and evening with the relative QPF maxima likely occurring over
    similar areas that were impacted the past 24 hrs. Antecedent
    conditions favor a more sensitive soil moisture composition along
    with remnant elevated streamflows situated across the area from
    eastern IA through northern IL and southern WI. This zone over into
    lower MI is the most sensitive region for the period in question
    leading to a bit more of a proactive approach in the forecast SLGT
    risk. The inherited risk was expanded a bit further north across
    the aforementioned areas, encompassing now all of southern WI and
    northern IL as the next wave of convection will likely refire in
    proximity to the quasi-stationary front and point south where
    instability is greatest along with a robust PWAT anomaly (95-99th
    percentile) given seasonal climatology. KDTX PWAT's were a primary
    signal for this characteristic this morning as their 1.14" PWATs
    came in squarely around a +3 deviation for the date, and this area
    isn't even in the more robust moisture anomaly when assessing the
    the latest NAEFS where further southwest is even more appreciable
    in its anomaly.=20

    12z HREF blended mean QPF depicts a relatively solid 1-2"
    distribution with embedded maxima between 2-2.5" across the
    southern WI to northern IL area with a secondary maxima oriented
    from west-central IL up into southeast MI, bisecting northern IN in
    the process. Neighborhood probabilities of >2" are upwards of=20
    50-80% within the two zones referenced with a general min around
    the Chicago metro. Considering the nature of convection and how
    small deviations in outflow propagation can play big parts in the
    forecast, felt it was necessary to maintain the major urban
    corridor of Chicago to cover for any uncertainty in how the
    convective scheme will play out this evening. The SLGT risk was
    expanded further southwest into IL to account for the trends in
    CAMs and with coordination from the Springfield, IL WFO where
    convection is already causing some 1-2" maxima to crop up prior to
    the update.=20

    Kleebauer

    ...Southern Plains, ArkLaTex to Ozarks...

    16Z Update: Convection will refire along the dryline again later
    this afternoon with upscale growth anticipated after 00z as LLJ
    introduction will aid in multi-cell mergers and heavy rain
    prospects from southern MO down into north TX. Upper pattern to the
    west remains favorable for large scale ascent to occur across the
    Red River Basin of TX/OK, perhaps as far south as the I-20
    corridor, to points northeast within eastern OK and neighboring AR
    to southern MO as the entire region settles within a developing jet
    couplet on the southern edge of a robust shortwave trough.
    Instability and deep moisture presence situated across all of the
    Southern Plains to Mid-Mississippi Valley is more than enough to
    constitute general convective properties with efficient rates
    between 1-3"/hr at peak intensity, represented very well by the
    latest HREF hourly probabilities for >1"/hr running between 25-60%
    over the entire area referenced above with low-end to modest probs
    (15-30%) for >2"/hr in a corridor between northwest AR down to
    southeastern OK. Antecedent conditions in these zones are still
    pretty dry with the 1/3/6 hr FFG parameters all sufficiently above
    2.5" for each threshold. That said, urbanized areas will still see
    higher run off capabilities with a potential for localized flash
    flooding in the evening and overnight time frame. The overall
    meteorological premise for a flash flooding threat remains viable,
    but the antecedent hydrologic concerns are still relatively tame
    compared to areas much further north which leans towards a
    maintenance of the MRGL risk inherited with a chance on a targeted
    upgrade this evening pending convective output.=20

    Kleebauer

    ...Northeast...

    16Z Update: Little change in the previous forecast with a
    widespread MRGL risk extending from western NY/PA over into parts
    of southern New England. HREF neighborhood probabilities are fairly
    robust for >1" (50-80%) across much of the above corridor with the
    highest probs for both >1" and >2" located downwind of Lake Erie.
    Urbanized zones will be the primary areas of interest across the
    Northeast U.S. which historically has been the root for most run
    off potential and localized flash flood prospects. With guidance
    maintaining run-to-run continuity, this was enough to keep what was
    previously forecast with only small modifications to align with the
    latest HREF blended mean QPF distribution.=20

    Kleebauer=20

    ..Previous Discussion..

    Remnants of the storms across the Great Lakes may bring a round of
    showers and storms in the morning, followed by another round of
    heavier showers and thunderstorms in the afternoon. Model guidance
    shows a corridor of 1-1.5 inches rainfall with embedded higher
    amounts depending on the model. The relatively lower flash guidance
    across western Pennsylvania and the more urban footprint of areas
    such as Connecticut and New England also help confidence of
    expanding the Marginal eastward.

    Campbell/Wilder


    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Thu Apr 16 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 17 2026

    The probability of rainfall exceeding flash flooding guidance is
    less than 5 percent.

    Campbell

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Fri Apr 17 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 18 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR NORTHERN
    MISSOURI, EASTERN IOWA AND NORTHWEST ILLINOIS...

    A band of weakening showers and thunderstorms will pass through
    the Ohio Valley with the lead shortwave trough. Meanwhile the long
    wave trough approaching the Midwest will have better large scale
    ascent and instability to yield better areal coverage of QPF with a
    more focused swath of higher amounts across Missouri to the
    Illinois/Wisconsin border. The previous Slight Risk area was
    positioned more over Iowa and Wisconsin, however the latest trends
    suggest a modest south/southeast adjustment to northern Missouri,
    eastern Iowa, northwest Illinois and extreme southwest Wisconsin.
    will be valid from northern Missouri to southwestern Wisconsin for

    Campbell

    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!9gJek0Gi9Fi2r3avnTBspYqYL2ftG2f9VRGr-Gw5iOol= zgx1T-pPez6bodNG1W6uEYmzmRvd34cO5IbrMMY_nKgILdo$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!9gJek0Gi9Fi2r3avnTBspYqYL2ftG2f9VRGr-Gw5iOol= zgx1T-pPez6bodNG1W6uEYmzmRvd34cO5IbrMMY_sdY6DNI$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!9gJek0Gi9Fi2r3avnTBspYqYL2ftG2f9VRGr-Gw5iOol= zgx1T-pPez6bodNG1W6uEYmzmRvd34cO5IbrMMY_1VKYKHw$=20

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Wed Apr 15 19:48:17 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 151948
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    348 PM EDT Wed Apr 15 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Wed Apr 15 2026 - 12Z Thu Apr 16 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR THE GREAT
    LAKES AND NORTHERN OHIO VALLEY..

    ...Great Lakes and Ohio Valley...

    16Z Update: Another round of convection anticipated this afternoon
    and evening with the relative QPF maxima likely occurring over
    similar areas that were impacted the past 24 hrs. Antecedent
    conditions favor a more sensitive soil moisture composition along
    with remnant elevated streamflows situated across the area from
    eastern IA through northern IL and southern WI. This zone over into
    lower MI is the most sensitive region for the period in question
    leading to a bit more of a proactive approach in the forecast SLGT
    risk. The inherited risk was expanded a bit further north across
    the aforementioned areas, encompassing now all of southern WI and
    northern IL as the next wave of convection will likely refire in
    proximity to the quasi-stationary front and point south where
    instability is greatest along with a robust PWAT anomaly (95-99th
    percentile) given seasonal climatology. KDTX PWAT's were a primary
    signal for this characteristic this morning as their 1.14" PWATs
    came in squarely around a +3 deviation for the date, and this area
    isn't even in the more robust moisture anomaly when assessing the
    the latest NAEFS where further southwest is even more appreciable
    in its anomaly.

    12z HREF blended mean QPF depicts a relatively solid 1-2"
    distribution with embedded maxima between 2-2.5" across the
    southern WI to northern IL area with a secondary maxima oriented
    from west-central IL up into southeast MI, bisecting northern IN in
    the process. Neighborhood probabilities of >2" are upwards of
    50-80% within the two zones referenced with a general min around
    the Chicago metro. Considering the nature of convection and how
    small deviations in outflow propagation can play big parts in the
    forecast, felt it was necessary to maintain the major urban
    corridor of Chicago to cover for any uncertainty in how the
    convective scheme will play out this evening. The SLGT risk was
    expanded further southwest into IL to account for the trends in
    CAMs and with coordination from the Springfield, IL WFO where
    convection is already causing some 1-2" maxima to crop up prior to
    the update.

    Kleebauer

    ...Southern Plains, ArkLaTex to Ozarks...

    16Z Update: Convection will refire along the dryline again later
    this afternoon with upscale growth anticipated after 00z as LLJ
    introduction will aid in multi-cell mergers and heavy rain
    prospects from southern MO down into north TX. Upper pattern to the
    west remains favorable for large scale ascent to occur across the
    Red River Basin of TX/OK, perhaps as far south as the I-20
    corridor, to points northeast within eastern OK and neighboring AR
    to southern MO as the entire region settles within a developing jet
    couplet on the southern edge of a robust shortwave trough.
    Instability and deep moisture presence situated across all of the
    Southern Plains to Mid-Mississippi Valley is more than enough to
    constitute general convective properties with efficient rates
    between 1-3"/hr at peak intensity, represented very well by the
    latest HREF hourly probabilities for >1"/hr running between 25-60%
    over the entire area referenced above with low-end to modest probs
    (15-30%) for >2"/hr in a corridor between northwest AR down to
    southeastern OK. Antecedent conditions in these zones are still
    pretty dry with the 1/3/6 hr FFG parameters all sufficiently above
    2.5" for each threshold. That said, urbanized areas will still see
    higher run off capabilities with a potential for localized flash
    flooding in the evening and overnight time frame. The overall
    meteorological premise for a flash flooding threat remains viable,
    but the antecedent hydrologic concerns are still relatively tame
    compared to areas much further north which leans towards a
    maintenance of the MRGL risk inherited with a chance on a targeted
    upgrade this evening pending convective output.

    Kleebauer

    ...Northeast...

    16Z Update: Little change in the previous forecast with a
    widespread MRGL risk extending from western NY/PA over into parts
    of southern New England. HREF neighborhood probabilities are fairly
    robust for >1" (50-80%) across much of the above corridor with the
    highest probs for both >1" and >2" located downwind of Lake Erie.
    Urbanized zones will be the primary areas of interest across the
    Northeast U.S. which historically has been the root for most run
    off potential and localized flash flood prospects. With guidance
    maintaining run-to-run continuity, this was enough to keep what was
    previously forecast with only small modifications to align with the
    latest HREF blended mean QPF distribution.

    Kleebauer

    ..Previous Discussion..

    Remnants of the storms across the Great Lakes may bring a round of
    showers and storms in the morning, followed by another round of
    heavier showers and thunderstorms in the afternoon. Model guidance
    shows a corridor of 1-1.5 inches rainfall with embedded higher
    amounts depending on the model. The relatively lower flash guidance
    across western Pennsylvania and the more urban footprint of areas
    such as Connecticut and New England also help confidence of
    expanding the Marginal eastward.

    Campbell/Wilder


    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Thu Apr 16 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 17 2026

    The probability of rainfall exceeding flash flooding guidance is
    less than 5 percent.

    Campbell/Kleebauer

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Fri Apr 17 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 18 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE MID-MISSISSIPPI VALLEY INTO THE CENTRAL PLAINS...

    20Z Update: A deep, positively-tilted longwave trough will wander
    eastward out of the Rockies on Friday leading to broad large scale
    ascent from the Southern Plains to the Midwest. A well-defined axis
    of diffluence ahead of the mean trough with several shortwaves
    ripping through the flow will enhance an area of convective
    development within a strengthening warm-sector environment
    positioned between a strong cold front over the High Plains and a
    quickly advancing warm front migrating poleward through the
    adjacent Mississippi and Ohio Valley's. The current setup is
    conducive for a large heavy rain footprint with ensemble mean QPF
    already denoting an expansive 1-2" output with embedded higher
    totals. This is even prior to the CAMs additions that handle the
    magnitude of convection better, so anticipating some 3+ inch means
    likely to materialize in future updates.

    The main trend this period is the continuation of the ML outputs
    being further south and southwest with the QPF core as the primary
    theta_E ridge correlates well with the heaviest precip as
    convective magnitudes will likely be maximized within that deeper
    moist, unstable environment. Global deterministic is already
    beginning to show signs of leaning in that direction with the 12z
    ECMWF the most notable in the southern alignment of the heavier QPF
    footprint. This actually matches the ECAIFS, to a degree in its
    presentation, another favored overlap that tends to verify well
    once we reach inside 72 hrs from an event. In this case, the main
    area of interest will likely be a little further south and
    southwest compared to what was forecast previously in regards to
    the SLGT risk. That said, there's still hints the overall
    meridional pattern involved could still enhance heavier
    precipitation further north into the Midwest where the previous
    SLGT risk was aligned. As a result of the trends and some
    continuity, decided to expand upon the SLGT risk further south with
    the highest confidence in heavy precip likely lying within the
    Missouri Valley down into perhaps eastern KS as the upper jet
    presentation would likely promote the best the LER dynamics over
    that particular corridor. This is a period to monitor closely as
    the expanse of heavier precip will likely produce scattered flash
    flood prospects given the environmental favorability, as well as
    the lower FFG's in place across northern MO down into eastern KS.
    Any further south push would put OK in play as well, so this
    forecast could be a bit fluid pending the continued trends.=20=20

    Kleebauer


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!-5STt8YM1uAx6xTP3ZCg2oC0saTQh3t9oaXDZKjUp-nV= N3PSAeqV1GtTVqwJ00f-z-7OE6IJXk0eI8RbXdvzovc1LmY$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!-5STt8YM1uAx6xTP3ZCg2oC0saTQh3t9oaXDZKjUp-nV= N3PSAeqV1GtTVqwJ00f-z-7OE6IJXk0eI8RbXdvz8OJ8Gj0$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!-5STt8YM1uAx6xTP3ZCg2oC0saTQh3t9oaXDZKjUp-nV= N3PSAeqV1GtTVqwJ00f-z-7OE6IJXk0eI8RbXdvzN3j9T80$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Thu Apr 16 00:11:42 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 160011
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    811 PM EDT Wed Apr 15 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 01Z Thu Apr 16 2026 - 12Z Thu Apr 16 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR THE GREAT
    LAKES/NORTHERN OHIO VALLEY AND IN/NEAR THE OZARKS..

    ...Great Lakes and Ohio Valley...

    Another round of convection developed developed this afternoon over
    portions of Wisconsin and Iowa where moisture and instability
    pooled ahead of frontal boundary. As the line of storms continues
    to move eastward...there will certainly be overlap with areas that
    were impacted by multiple days of moderate to heavy rainfall. Antecedent conditions favor a more sensitive soil moisture composition along=20
    with remnant elevated streamflows situated across the area from=20
    eastern Iowa through northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin.=20
    The area of lower Michigan remained the most sensitive region.
    Precipitable water anomalies in the 95th to 99th percentile range
    for this seasonal climatology.=20

    ...Ozarks and adjacent areas...

    One change in the area was to introduce a Slight Risk area=20
    in/near the Ozarks for this evening into the overnight hours.=20
    Dewpoints in the lower 70s were located immediately upstream while=20
    a dryline was approaching from the west at the same time. Localized training/repeating convection is likely to result in spots of 1 to
    2 inch rainfall rates at times, Given the terrain...think the=20
    combination is enough to warrant a Slight Risk. Father=20
    north...maintained a Marginal risk area where antecedent=20
    conditions remained pretty dry with the 1/3/6 hr FFG parameters all sufficiently above 2.5" for each threshold. That said, urbanized=20
    areas will still see higher run off capabilities with a potential=20
    for localized flash flooding in the evening and overnight time=20
    frame.=20


    ...Northeast...

    Little change made to the previous outlook with a widespread MRGL=20
    risk extending from western New York into portions of
    Pennsylvania and into parts of southern New England. HREF=20
    neighborhood probabilities are fairly robust for >1" (50-80%)=20
    across much of the above corridor with the highest probs for both=20
    1" and >2" located downwind of Lake Erie. Urbanized zones will be=20
    the primary areas of concern here.=20

    Bann


    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Thu Apr 16 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 17 2026

    The probability of rainfall exceeding flash flooding guidance is
    less than 5 percent.

    Campbell/Kleebauer

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Fri Apr 17 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 18 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE MID-MISSISSIPPI VALLEY INTO THE CENTRAL PLAINS...

    20Z Update: A deep, positively-tilted longwave trough will wander
    eastward out of the Rockies on Friday leading to broad large scale
    ascent from the Southern Plains to the Midwest. A well-defined axis
    of diffluence ahead of the mean trough with several shortwaves
    ripping through the flow will enhance an area of convective
    development within a strengthening warm-sector environment
    positioned between a strong cold front over the High Plains and a
    quickly advancing warm front migrating poleward through the
    adjacent Mississippi and Ohio Valley's. The current setup is
    conducive for a large heavy rain footprint with ensemble mean QPF
    already denoting an expansive 1-2" output with embedded higher
    totals. This is even prior to the CAMs additions that handle the
    magnitude of convection better, so anticipating some 3+ inch means
    likely to materialize in future updates.

    The main trend this period is the continuation of the ML outputs
    being further south and southwest with the QPF core as the primary
    theta_E ridge correlates well with the heaviest precip as
    convective magnitudes will likely be maximized within that deeper
    moist, unstable environment. Global deterministic is already
    beginning to show signs of leaning in that direction with the 12z
    ECMWF the most notable in the southern alignment of the heavier QPF
    footprint. This actually matches the ECAIFS, to a degree in its
    presentation, another favored overlap that tends to verify well
    once we reach inside 72 hrs from an event. In this case, the main
    area of interest will likely be a little further south and
    southwest compared to what was forecast previously in regards to
    the SLGT risk. That said, there's still hints the overall
    meridional pattern involved could still enhance heavier
    precipitation further north into the Midwest where the previous
    SLGT risk was aligned. As a result of the trends and some
    continuity, decided to expand upon the SLGT risk further south with
    the highest confidence in heavy precip likely lying within the
    Missouri Valley down into perhaps eastern KS as the upper jet
    presentation would likely promote the best the LER dynamics over
    that particular corridor. This is a period to monitor closely as
    the expanse of heavier precip will likely produce scattered flash
    flood prospects given the environmental favorability, as well as
    the lower FFG's in place across northern MO down into eastern KS.
    Any further south push would put OK in play as well, so this
    forecast could be a bit fluid pending the continued trends.

    Kleebauer


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5FHQDf20tXJ5SPBdWt7CcZC-l77JSUc2iryyhWVkBMbC= BfsreJqy8CbAtpTKV2Y-hkQ0ctOWQL4kJaweHEGbiTHFGLQ$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5FHQDf20tXJ5SPBdWt7CcZC-l77JSUc2iryyhWVkBMbC= BfsreJqy8CbAtpTKV2Y-hkQ0ctOWQL4kJaweHEGbbDiglcw$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5FHQDf20tXJ5SPBdWt7CcZC-l77JSUc2iryyhWVkBMbC= BfsreJqy8CbAtpTKV2Y-hkQ0ctOWQL4kJaweHEGbjQG8VSY$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Thu Apr 16 08:09:14 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 160809
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    409 AM EDT Thu Apr 16 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 12Z Thu Apr 16 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 17 2026

    The probability of rainfall exceeding flash flooding guidance is
    less than 5 percent.

    Campbell

    Day 2 Valid 12Z Fri Apr 17 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 18 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF=20
    THE MID-MISSISSIPPI VALLEY INTO THE SOUTHERN PLAINS...

    A deep, positively-tilted longwave trough advancing into the Plains
    will promote broad areas of ascent from the Southern Plains to the
    Midwest. A well-defined axis of diffluence ahead of the mean=20
    trough with several shortwaves rippling through the flow will=20
    enhance an area of convective development within a strengthening=20
    warm-sector environment positioned between a strong cold front over
    the High Plains and a quickly advancing warm front migrating=20
    poleward through the adjacent Mississippi and Ohio Valleys. This
    environment will be rather favorable for a broad footprint for
    heavy rainfall. There has been a persistent south/southwest trend
    with the axis of highest QPF for several model cycles which now
    focuses over northeast Oklahoma to north-central Missouri with
    areal averages of 1-2 inches with isolated maximums nearing 3+
    inches. The adjusted Slight Risk spans from northeast Oklahoma to
    northern Illinois with the encompassing Marginal Risk from the
    Oklahoma.Texas border northward to Wisconsin.

    Campbell/Kleebauer

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Sat Apr 18 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 19 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE SOUTH, LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY AND TEXAS...

    The frontal system described above will continue to advance
    eastward with the trailing tail of the cold front dropping
    south/southeast through Texas and the Lower Mississippi Valley.
    Gulf moisture will be advecting northward into the Southern Plains
    and pooling across Texas. PW values of 1.25-1.5 inches will be present
    over much of eastern Texas and Louisiana during this period. Strong
    convergence will lead to showers and thunderstorms focusing along
    and ahead of the frontal boundary, especially for the later half of
    the period. Areal average of 1 to 2 inches expected with hourly
    rainfall rates greater than 1 inch/hr as well may lead to isolated
    areas with flash flooding concerns. A Marginal Risk area is in
    effect from South Texas to northern Mississippi.

    Campbell

    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!6Wfivlz9LV-dWJORm6S0yp5-9CU0j2fAu0ps2lNdltQA= rm-u6tFxK9pLIL3sq0MicBTKTbRoCSXefusbAGJ3oWO8k6I$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!6Wfivlz9LV-dWJORm6S0yp5-9CU0j2fAu0ps2lNdltQA= rm-u6tFxK9pLIL3sq0MicBTKTbRoCSXefusbAGJ3IXDPohc$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!6Wfivlz9LV-dWJORm6S0yp5-9CU0j2fAu0ps2lNdltQA= rm-u6tFxK9pLIL3sq0MicBTKTbRoCSXefusbAGJ3Y4zKL-w$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Thu Apr 16 15:27:17 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 161527
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    1127 AM EDT Thu Apr 16 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Thu Apr 16 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 17 2026

    The probability of rainfall exceeding flash flooding guidance is
    less than 5 percent.

    Campbell/Kleebauer

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Sat Apr 18 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 19 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE MID-MISSISSIPPI VALLEY INTO THE SOUTHERN PLAINS...

    A deep, positively-tilted longwave trough advancing into the Plains
    will promote broad areas of ascent from the Southern Plains to the
    Midwest. A well-defined axis of diffluence ahead of the mean
    trough with several shortwaves rippling through the flow will
    enhance an area of convective development within a strengthening
    warm-sector environment positioned between a strong cold front over
    the High Plains and a quickly advancing warm front migrating
    poleward through the adjacent Mississippi and Ohio Valleys. This
    environment will be rather favorable for a broad footprint for
    heavy rainfall. There has been a persistent south/southwest trend
    with the axis of highest QPF for several model cycles which now
    focuses over northeast Oklahoma to north-central Missouri with
    areal averages of 1-2 inches with isolated maximums nearing 3+
    inches. The adjusted Slight Risk spans from northeast Oklahoma to
    northern Illinois with the encompassing Marginal Risk from the
    Oklahoma.Texas border northward to Wisconsin.

    Campbell/Kleebauer

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Sat Apr 18 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 19 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE SOUTH, LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY AND TEXAS...

    The frontal system described above will continue to advance
    eastward with the trailing tail of the cold front dropping
    south/southeast through Texas and the Lower Mississippi Valley.
    Gulf moisture will be advecting northward into the Southern Plains
    and pooling across Texas. PW values of 1.25-1.5 inches will be present
    over much of eastern Texas and Louisiana during this period. Strong
    convergence will lead to showers and thunderstorms focusing along
    and ahead of the frontal boundary, especially for the later half of
    the period. Areal average of 1 to 2 inches expected with hourly
    rainfall rates greater than 1 inch/hr as well may lead to isolated
    areas with flash flooding concerns. A Marginal Risk area is in
    effect from South Texas to northern Mississippi.

    Campbell

    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5K2tw1_AAkcU87lUvrPDJAWQXoGpKk3UwGMVFGxLOtcx= uWWJUogPlP_D-Iwku14KKIkhnyXv4Ct07MvEUFTn4bNieqE$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5K2tw1_AAkcU87lUvrPDJAWQXoGpKk3UwGMVFGxLOtcx= uWWJUogPlP_D-Iwku14KKIkhnyXv4Ct07MvEUFTneu_5dKE$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5K2tw1_AAkcU87lUvrPDJAWQXoGpKk3UwGMVFGxLOtcx= uWWJUogPlP_D-Iwku14KKIkhnyXv4Ct07MvEUFTnlfQP170$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Thu Apr 16 19:38:59 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 161938
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    338 PM EDT Thu Apr 16 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Thu Apr 16 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 17 2026

    The probability of rainfall exceeding flash flooding guidance is
    less than 5 percent.

    Campbell/Kleebauer

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Fri Apr 17 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 18 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE MIDWEST, MID-MISSISSIPPI VALLEY INTO THE SOUTHERN PLAINS...

    20Z Update: The synoptic evolution described in the previous
    forecast has not changed in the latest model depictions as a broad
    axis of heavy rainfall stemming from widespread convection is=20
    anticipated from the Central Midwest down through portions of the
    Southern Plains. The main change(s) from the previous forecast were
    an expansion of the SLGT risk to the southwest, including more of
    central and eastern OK, as well as an extension north to include
    some of the more sensitive areas of southern WI and adjacent
    northern IL/IN. The latest 12z HREF continues its trend on a slow
    shift to the south with the areal QPF footprint signaling more
    excessive rainfall prospects of 2+ inches now south of I-70 in MO
    into more of northeast OK. This matches the ML suite from both the
    EC AIFS and AIGFS outputs, both of which have been consistent in
    their interpretations of heavier rain south of the global
    deterministic suite the past few days.=20

    Probabilistically, the trends have favored a particular zone
    spanning the area between Kansas City to Tulsa along the KS/MO
    border down through northeastern OK as the primary area of focus as
    this zone nestles perfectly within the evolving upper jet coupling
    that will materialize during the synoptic evolution occurring over
    the Central and Southern U.S. Neighborhood probabilities of 50-80%
    of at least 2 inches are located across portions of eastern KS into west-central MO, overlapping an area of more sensitive grounds
    after a heavy rain episode occurred over the area just north of
    Springfield, MO this past evening. The overlap coinciding with
    higher probs for at least 2 inches pin-points an area of interest
    and is well-within the favorable environmental conditions that will
    be in-place downstream of the approaching trough ejecting out of
    the Rockies. Combination of deep moisture advection and suitable
    instability noted by a strong theta_E ridge developing across the
    Southern Plains to Midwest should promote relatively good rate
    potential as probs for hourly rates remain very high for >1"/hr
    (60-90%), and modest for even upwards of 2"/hr (15-25%) that would
    easily exceed the hourly FFG threshold in place over the
    aforementioned area. In this case, the SLGT risk would be deemed a
    higher-end risk with a potential for even an upgrade if the trends
    continue to favor that area of the CONUS seeing appreciable
    rainfall tomorrow afternoon and evening.=20

    Further north, the area encompassing the Central Midwest around
    southern WI and northern IL remain in a more sensitive hydrologic
    state due to the multi-wave convective episodes and upstream snow
    melt aiding in swollen creeks and rivers throughout the region. The
    impending setup would likely embrace a northern edge of heavier
    precipitation based in the broad convective pattern materializing
    over the course of Friday afternoon and evening. A strong mid-level
    shortwave ejecting through the north-central Plains should allow
    for a zone of rapidly developing convection across northern MO
    through northern IL and southern WI after 19z as the frontal=20
    approach likely enhances a convergence pattern over the area. This
    should be enough to generate scattered thunderstorms across the=20
    region leading to locally heavy rainfall over the saturated areas=20
    referenced above. The combination of primed antecedent conditions=20
    at the ground level and favored kinematic pattern have allowed for=20
    an expansion of the SLGT risk further north to account for the=20
    heightened threat given the recent trends in CAMs and associated=20
    HREF QPF outputs.=20

    Kleebauer

    ..Previous Discussion..

    A deep, positively-tilted longwave trough advancing into the Plains
    will promote broad areas of ascent from the Southern Plains to the
    Midwest. A well-defined axis of diffluence ahead of the mean
    trough with several shortwaves rippling through the flow will
    enhance an area of convective development within a strengthening
    warm-sector environment positioned between a strong cold front over
    the High Plains and a quickly advancing warm front migrating
    poleward through the adjacent Mississippi and Ohio Valleys. This
    environment will be rather favorable for a broad footprint for
    heavy rainfall. There has been a persistent south/southwest trend
    with the axis of highest QPF for several model cycles which now
    focuses over northeast Oklahoma to north-central Missouri with
    areal averages of 1-2 inches with isolated maximums nearing 3+
    inches.=20

    Campbell/Kleebauer


    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Sat Apr 18 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 19 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE SOUTH, LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY AND TEXAS...

    20Z Update: MRGL risk inherited was relatively unchanged across
    MS/LA/Eastern TX as model guidance maintained general continuity in
    the evolution of heavy precip likely developing along a convergence
    axis situated along an approaching cold front from the north and
    northwest. Totals seem consistent between 1-3" for the main axis of
    development between the eastern edge of Hill Country in south-
    central TX up into the Piney Woods area of southeast TX through=20
    the Lower Sabine into southwest LA. This area has some of the
    higher FFG's nationally, so the prospects for flash flooding will
    likely be most coincident with more urbanized zones where run off
    capabilities are highest. This would likely occur in the suburbs of
    Houston and Lake Charles, along with a place like Beaumont where
    urbanization is most prevalent.=20

    The main change was a removal of the MRGL risk across south-central
    TX to the Rio Grande where guidance, both deterministic and ML,
    have reflected a relative min in QPF compared to areas downstream
    along with high FFG's likely to thwart flash flood potential. In
    coordination with the local WFO's accounting for the change, the
    risk area was removed for the period.=20

    Kleebauer

    ..Previous Discussion..

    The frontal system described above will continue to advance
    eastward with the trailing tail of the cold front dropping
    south/southeast through Texas and the Lower Mississippi Valley.
    Gulf moisture will be advecting northward into the Southern Plains
    and pooling across Texas. PW values of 1.4-1.7 inches will be=20
    present over much of eastern Texas and Louisiana during this=20
    period. Strong convergence will lead to showers and thunderstorms=20
    focusing along and ahead of the frontal boundary, especially for=20
    the later half of the period. Areal average of 1 to 2 inches=20
    expected with hourly rainfall rates greater than 1 inch/hr as well=20
    may lead to isolated areas with flash flooding concerns. A Marginal
    Risk area is in effect from South Texas to northern Mississippi.

    Campbell


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!6UpKBvd5Xo2vKZLJyFXN6NHHzQlHha9Ufg8Rh3zfXI2y= gMQXObRJbaUEacwu29keN9_ivpgCAwg1kCT71-B0jfWySEI$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!6UpKBvd5Xo2vKZLJyFXN6NHHzQlHha9Ufg8Rh3zfXI2y= gMQXObRJbaUEacwu29keN9_ivpgCAwg1kCT71-B0yZ-DNFs$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!6UpKBvd5Xo2vKZLJyFXN6NHHzQlHha9Ufg8Rh3zfXI2y= gMQXObRJbaUEacwu29keN9_ivpgCAwg1kCT71-B08gkD0WI$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Thu Apr 16 20:20:50 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 162020
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    420 PM EDT Thu Apr 16 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 2016Z Thu Apr 16 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 17 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL OVER PORTIONS OF=20
    CENTRAL MISSOURI THIS AFTERNOON...

    Introduced a Marginal Risk area where clusters of slow moving=20
    thunderstorms developed...mainly in central Missouri where strong=20
    daytime heating was occurring under very cold mid-level=20
    temperatures which resulted in steep lapse rates and allowed for=20
    CAPE values to build to around 2000 J per kg. Flow aloft is=20
    weak...resulting in 1 inch per hour rates due to slow cell motion.=20
    Given the potential for additional convection...opted to introduce=20
    a Marginal risk area at this point. Refer to WPC MPD 0114 for=20
    additional details.

    Bann


    Day 2=20
    Valid 12Z Fri Apr 17 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 18 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE MIDWEST, MID-MISSISSIPPI VALLEY INTO THE SOUTHERN PLAINS...

    20Z Update: The synoptic evolution described in the previous
    forecast has not changed in the latest model depictions as a broad
    axis of heavy rainfall stemming from widespread convection is
    anticipated from the Central Midwest down through portions of the
    Southern Plains. The main change(s) from the previous forecast were
    an expansion of the SLGT risk to the southwest, including more of
    central and eastern OK, as well as an extension north to include
    some of the more sensitive areas of southern WI and adjacent
    northern IL/IN. The latest 12z HREF continues its trend on a slow
    shift to the south with the areal QPF footprint signaling more
    excessive rainfall prospects of 2+ inches now south of I-70 in MO
    into more of northeast OK. This matches the ML suite from both the
    EC AIFS and AIGFS outputs, both of which have been consistent in
    their interpretations of heavier rain south of the global
    deterministic suite the past few days.

    Probabilistically, the trends have favored a particular zone
    spanning the area between Kansas City to Tulsa along the KS/MO
    border down through northeastern OK as the primary area of focus as
    this zone nestles perfectly within the evolving upper jet coupling
    that will materialize during the synoptic evolution occurring over
    the Central and Southern U.S. Neighborhood probabilities of 50-80%
    of at least 2 inches are located across portions of eastern KS into west-central MO, overlapping an area of more sensitive grounds
    after a heavy rain episode occurred over the area just north of
    Springfield, MO this past evening. The overlap coinciding with
    higher probs for at least 2 inches pin-points an area of interest
    and is well-within the favorable environmental conditions that will
    be in-place downstream of the approaching trough ejecting out of
    the Rockies. Combination of deep moisture advection and suitable
    instability noted by a strong theta_E ridge developing across the
    Southern Plains to Midwest should promote relatively good rate
    potential as probs for hourly rates remain very high for >1"/hr
    (60-90%), and modest for even upwards of 2"/hr (15-25%) that would
    easily exceed the hourly FFG threshold in place over the
    aforementioned area. In this case, the SLGT risk would be deemed a
    higher-end risk with a potential for even an upgrade if the trends
    continue to favor that area of the CONUS seeing appreciable
    rainfall tomorrow afternoon and evening.

    Further north, the area encompassing the Central Midwest around
    southern WI and northern IL remain in a more sensitive hydrologic
    state due to the multi-wave convective episodes and upstream snow
    melt aiding in swollen creeks and rivers throughout the region. The
    impending setup would likely embrace a northern edge of heavier
    precipitation based in the broad convective pattern materializing
    over the course of Friday afternoon and evening. A strong mid-level
    shortwave ejecting through the north-central Plains should allow
    for a zone of rapidly developing convection across northern MO
    through northern IL and southern WI after 19z as the frontal
    approach likely enhances a convergence pattern over the area. This
    should be enough to generate scattered thunderstorms across the
    region leading to locally heavy rainfall over the saturated areas
    referenced above. The combination of primed antecedent conditions
    at the ground level and favored kinematic pattern have allowed for
    an expansion of the SLGT risk further north to account for the
    heightened threat given the recent trends in CAMs and associated
    HREF QPF outputs.

    Kleebauer

    ..Previous Discussion..

    A deep, positively-tilted longwave trough advancing into the Plains
    will promote broad areas of ascent from the Southern Plains to the
    Midwest. A well-defined axis of diffluence ahead of the mean
    trough with several shortwaves rippling through the flow will
    enhance an area of convective development within a strengthening
    warm-sector environment positioned between a strong cold front over
    the High Plains and a quickly advancing warm front migrating
    poleward through the adjacent Mississippi and Ohio Valleys. This
    environment will be rather favorable for a broad footprint for
    heavy rainfall. There has been a persistent south/southwest trend
    with the axis of highest QPF for several model cycles which now
    focuses over northeast Oklahoma to north-central Missouri with
    areal averages of 1-2 inches with isolated maximums nearing 3+
    inches.

    Campbell/Kleebauer


    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Sat Apr 18 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 19 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE SOUTH, LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY AND TEXAS...

    20Z Update: MRGL risk inherited was relatively unchanged across
    MS/LA/Eastern TX as model guidance maintained general continuity in
    the evolution of heavy precip likely developing along a convergence
    axis situated along an approaching cold front from the north and
    northwest. Totals seem consistent between 1-3" for the main axis of
    development between the eastern edge of Hill Country in south-
    central TX up into the Piney Woods area of southeast TX through
    the Lower Sabine into southwest LA. This area has some of the
    higher FFG's nationally, so the prospects for flash flooding will
    likely be most coincident with more urbanized zones where run off
    capabilities are highest. This would likely occur in the suburbs of
    Houston and Lake Charles, along with a place like Beaumont where
    urbanization is most prevalent.

    The main change was a removal of the MRGL risk across south-central
    TX to the Rio Grande where guidance, both deterministic and ML,
    have reflected a relative min in QPF compared to areas downstream
    along with high FFG's likely to thwart flash flood potential. In
    coordination with the local WFO's accounting for the change, the
    risk area was removed for the period.

    Kleebauer

    ..Previous Discussion..

    The frontal system described above will continue to advance
    eastward with the trailing tail of the cold front dropping
    south/southeast through Texas and the Lower Mississippi Valley.
    Gulf moisture will be advecting northward into the Southern Plains
    and pooling across Texas. PW values of 1.4-1.7 inches will be
    present over much of eastern Texas and Louisiana during this
    period. Strong convergence will lead to showers and thunderstorms
    focusing along and ahead of the frontal boundary, especially for
    the later half of the period. Areal average of 1 to 2 inches
    expected with hourly rainfall rates greater than 1 inch/hr as well
    may lead to isolated areas with flash flooding concerns. A Marginal
    Risk area is in effect from South Texas to northern Mississippi.

    Campbell


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!8jjc5WEHnFC9STv_M9zbeyDTzM-wp2dnwNOzGMxAI2k0= LdpvjcJga-ImjLYIOGCyE52wTUzMLvw28zQ2ddUmVdyjiFA$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!8jjc5WEHnFC9STv_M9zbeyDTzM-wp2dnwNOzGMxAI2k0= LdpvjcJga-ImjLYIOGCyE52wTUzMLvw28zQ2ddUmNfjiXOc$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!8jjc5WEHnFC9STv_M9zbeyDTzM-wp2dnwNOzGMxAI2k0= LdpvjcJga-ImjLYIOGCyE52wTUzMLvw28zQ2ddUmKBdO6bw$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Fri Apr 17 00:37:09 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 170036
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    836 PM EDT Thu Apr 16 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 01Z Fri Apr 17 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 17 2026

    The probability of rainfall exceeding flash flood guidance is less
    than 5 percent.

    Bann


    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Fri Apr 17 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 18 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE MIDWEST, MID-MISSISSIPPI VALLEY INTO THE SOUTHERN PLAINS...

    20Z Update: The synoptic evolution described in the previous
    forecast has not changed in the latest model depictions as a broad
    axis of heavy rainfall stemming from widespread convection is
    anticipated from the Central Midwest down through portions of the
    Southern Plains. The main change(s) from the previous forecast were
    an expansion of the SLGT risk to the southwest, including more of
    central and eastern OK, as well as an extension north to include
    some of the more sensitive areas of southern WI and adjacent
    northern IL/IN. The latest 12z HREF continues its trend on a slow
    shift to the south with the areal QPF footprint signaling more
    excessive rainfall prospects of 2+ inches now south of I-70 in MO
    into more of northeast OK. This matches the ML suite from both the
    EC AIFS and AIGFS outputs, both of which have been consistent in
    their interpretations of heavier rain south of the global
    deterministic suite the past few days.

    Probabilistically, the trends have favored a particular zone
    spanning the area between Kansas City to Tulsa along the KS/MO
    border down through northeastern OK as the primary area of focus as
    this zone nestles perfectly within the evolving upper jet coupling
    that will materialize during the synoptic evolution occurring over
    the Central and Southern U.S. Neighborhood probabilities of 50-80%
    of at least 2 inches are located across portions of eastern KS into west-central MO, overlapping an area of more sensitive grounds
    after a heavy rain episode occurred over the area just north of
    Springfield, MO this past evening. The overlap coinciding with
    higher probs for at least 2 inches pin-points an area of interest
    and is well-within the favorable environmental conditions that will
    be in-place downstream of the approaching trough ejecting out of
    the Rockies. Combination of deep moisture advection and suitable
    instability noted by a strong theta_E ridge developing across the
    Southern Plains to Midwest should promote relatively good rate
    potential as probs for hourly rates remain very high for >1"/hr
    (60-90%), and modest for even upwards of 2"/hr (15-25%) that would
    easily exceed the hourly FFG threshold in place over the
    aforementioned area. In this case, the SLGT risk would be deemed a
    higher-end risk with a potential for even an upgrade if the trends
    continue to favor that area of the CONUS seeing appreciable
    rainfall tomorrow afternoon and evening.

    Further north, the area encompassing the Central Midwest around
    southern WI and northern IL remain in a more sensitive hydrologic
    state due to the multi-wave convective episodes and upstream snow
    melt aiding in swollen creeks and rivers throughout the region. The
    impending setup would likely embrace a northern edge of heavier
    precipitation based in the broad convective pattern materializing
    over the course of Friday afternoon and evening. A strong mid-level
    shortwave ejecting through the north-central Plains should allow
    for a zone of rapidly developing convection across northern MO
    through northern IL and southern WI after 19z as the frontal
    approach likely enhances a convergence pattern over the area. This
    should be enough to generate scattered thunderstorms across the
    region leading to locally heavy rainfall over the saturated areas
    referenced above. The combination of primed antecedent conditions
    at the ground level and favored kinematic pattern have allowed for
    an expansion of the SLGT risk further north to account for the
    heightened threat given the recent trends in CAMs and associated
    HREF QPF outputs.

    Kleebauer

    ..Previous Discussion..

    A deep, positively-tilted longwave trough advancing into the Plains
    will promote broad areas of ascent from the Southern Plains to the
    Midwest. A well-defined axis of diffluence ahead of the mean
    trough with several shortwaves rippling through the flow will
    enhance an area of convective development within a strengthening
    warm-sector environment positioned between a strong cold front over
    the High Plains and a quickly advancing warm front migrating
    poleward through the adjacent Mississippi and Ohio Valleys. This
    environment will be rather favorable for a broad footprint for
    heavy rainfall. There has been a persistent south/southwest trend
    with the axis of highest QPF for several model cycles which now
    focuses over northeast Oklahoma to north-central Missouri with
    areal averages of 1-2 inches with isolated maximums nearing 3+
    inches.

    Campbell/Kleebauer


    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Sat Apr 18 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 19 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE SOUTH, LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY AND TEXAS...

    20Z Update: MRGL risk inherited was relatively unchanged across
    MS/LA/Eastern TX as model guidance maintained general continuity in
    the evolution of heavy precip likely developing along a convergence
    axis situated along an approaching cold front from the north and
    northwest. Totals seem consistent between 1-3" for the main axis of
    development between the eastern edge of Hill Country in south-
    central TX up into the Piney Woods area of southeast TX through
    the Lower Sabine into southwest LA. This area has some of the
    higher FFG's nationally, so the prospects for flash flooding will
    likely be most coincident with more urbanized zones where run off
    capabilities are highest. This would likely occur in the suburbs of
    Houston and Lake Charles, along with a place like Beaumont where
    urbanization is most prevalent.

    The main change was a removal of the MRGL risk across south-central
    TX to the Rio Grande where guidance, both deterministic and ML,
    have reflected a relative min in QPF compared to areas downstream
    along with high FFG's likely to thwart flash flood potential. In
    coordination with the local WFO's accounting for the change, the
    risk area was removed for the period.

    Kleebauer

    ..Previous Discussion..

    The frontal system described above will continue to advance
    eastward with the trailing tail of the cold front dropping
    south/southeast through Texas and the Lower Mississippi Valley.
    Gulf moisture will be advecting northward into the Southern Plains
    and pooling across Texas. PW values of 1.4-1.7 inches will be
    present over much of eastern Texas and Louisiana during this
    period. Strong convergence will lead to showers and thunderstorms
    focusing along and ahead of the frontal boundary, especially for
    the later half of the period. Areal average of 1 to 2 inches
    expected with hourly rainfall rates greater than 1 inch/hr as well
    may lead to isolated areas with flash flooding concerns. A Marginal
    Risk area is in effect from South Texas to northern Mississippi.

    Campbell


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!9hcbBq08yZx-PMFSssIdMn3hfE2Tl4W0GilZlMj5qH6a= y6l_NDFl55K9vUNAirlNvtGSb7XE1p97u1hCXPddCl0itjg$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!9hcbBq08yZx-PMFSssIdMn3hfE2Tl4W0GilZlMj5qH6a= y6l_NDFl55K9vUNAirlNvtGSb7XE1p97u1hCXPddVZalj-0$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!9hcbBq08yZx-PMFSssIdMn3hfE2Tl4W0GilZlMj5qH6a= y6l_NDFl55K9vUNAirlNvtGSb7XE1p97u1hCXPddLVvx_GA$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Fri Apr 17 07:46:52 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 170746
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    346 AM EDT Fri Apr 17 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 12Z Fri Apr 17 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 18 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FROM OKLAHOMA
    THROUGH PORTIONS OF THE MIDWEST...

    A strong cold front tracking southeast across the Plains will run
    into a moist and unstable air mass driven by a robust low level jet
    streaming north off the western Gulf and into the Great Lakes.
    Meanwhile, a strengthening upper level jet will develop across
    Texas and Oklahoma Friday night that will further enhance lift
    across the Slight Risk region, particularly the southern part of
    it. The result will be a series of waves of strong thunderstorms
    that will feed on the influx of moisture and instability to allow
    for frequent redevelopment and training as the entire complex of
    storms pushes southeast. The strongest storms and most persistent
    rainfall will occur over areas hard-hit in recent days with prior
    heavy rainfall, so soils in areas from southern Oklahoma to western
    Missouri are already near saturation and well above normal for soil
    moisture content for this time of year. Urban areas from Kansas
    City to Tulsa will be especially vulnerable should persistent heavy
    rains set up over those metro areas. Meanwhile, a portion of the
    Ozarks could also introduce a topographic factor to any flooding
    potential. A higher-end Slight (25-40% chance of flash flooding)=20
    is in effect from northwestern Oklahoma through central Missouri.

    Meanwhile, further north into the Midwest, the storms are more
    likely to organize into a single line of storms more quickly.
    However, these areas have even more saturated soils due to more=20
    recent rains. When added the urban factor in cities such as St.
    Louis, Chicago, and Milwaukee, even a shortened period of heavy
    rainfall could still result in widely scattered instances of flash
    flooding. The Slight Risk in this area was expanded north up Lake
    Michigan to Green Bay, but elsewhere remains little changed.

    Wegman

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Sat Apr 18 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 19 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE GULF COAST AND LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY...

    A strong cold front sweeping south down the Plains will provide the
    primary forcing for a line of strong thunderstorms to form as the
    front uplifts a warm and moisture-laden air mass from the Gulf. Due
    to close proximity to the Gulf, PWATs are likely to spike to
    between 1.5 and 1.75 inches Saturday evening. This will support
    thunderstorms capable of very heavy rainfall. The line will
    generally be progressive, moving south. Further, the Marginal Risk
    area is generally covering some of the highest FFG areas in the
    country. Thus, the flash flooding threat is largely focused on the
    urban factor in areas such as Houston, Beaumont, and Alexandria.
    Most of the convective activity is expected at or after sunset, so
    any flooding that occurs will be more dangerous.

    Wegman

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Sun Apr 19 2026 - 12Z Mon Apr 20 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR DEEP SOUTH
    TEXAS...

    An area of disturbed weather, partially from the remnants of a cold
    front that swept across much of Texas on Saturday, will impact
    portions of Deep South Texas Sunday into Sunday night. The air mass
    will be characterized by summer-like amounts of moisture, with
    PWATs exceeding 2 inches in a few areas, and over 1.75 inches
    across much of Deep South Texas. This will support any showers and thunderstorms that form across the area to be capable of very=20
    heavy rainfall. However, the forcing for this rainfall will be=20
    lacking, resulting in only isolated to widely scattered showers and thunderstorms. Further, the FFGs in Deep South Texas are quite=20
    high, so any storms, which should be slow-moving, would need to=20
    train or remain over a single area for a while to produce flash=20
    flooding. Thus, only isolated instances of flash flooding are=20
    expected.

    Wegman


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!6bSfCj7zXniSQ00Itsc62_I9eELZDVSD-RQ8aSkMF4u8= hYBS_teaoZQlNkTHQCbCnRT9DmmXWQ0MahT6SkLzCFmhOZ4$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!6bSfCj7zXniSQ00Itsc62_I9eELZDVSD-RQ8aSkMF4u8= hYBS_teaoZQlNkTHQCbCnRT9DmmXWQ0MahT6SkLza1rRe1k$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!6bSfCj7zXniSQ00Itsc62_I9eELZDVSD-RQ8aSkMF4u8= hYBS_teaoZQlNkTHQCbCnRT9DmmXWQ0MahT6SkLzHLyT_M4$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Fri Apr 17 15:34:48 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 171534
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    1134 AM EDT Fri Apr 17 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Fri Apr 17 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 18 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FROM OKLAHOMA
    THROUGH PORTIONS OF THE MIDWEST...

    16Z Update: Minimal changes were made from the previous forecast,=20
    with a broad high-end SLGT Risk area from OK through central MO.=20
    The SLGT Risk region was expanded ever-so-slightly southwest=20
    further into central OK to account for good agreement with ML=20
    models (ECAIFS and AIGFS) in handling the tail-end of the cold=20
    front, albeit not as impactful.=20

    An upper level trough in the northern Plains will pickup a cutoff=20
    low in the Southwest, enhancing upper-level divergence due to jet=20
    coupling in the Central Plains. A strong cold front will continue=20
    tracking southeastward as a result through the central and southern
    Plains, which will meet a moist Gulf airmass with a relatively=20
    robust southerly LLJ. Low-level convergence will be maximized upon=20
    this interaction, and with high PWAT anomalies (widespread +3=20
    standard deviations across northeast OK, southeast KS, and MO),=20
    heavy rainfall is expected. Updated neighborhood probabilities=20=20
    remain over 90% to exceed 2" in much of MO and KS, and 60% to=20
    exceed 3" in southeast KS.

    Blanco-Alcala

    ..Previous Discussion..

    A strong cold front tracking southeast across the Plains will run
    into a moist and unstable air mass driven by a robust low level jet
    streaming north off the western Gulf and into the Great Lakes.
    Meanwhile, a strengthening upper level jet will develop across
    Texas and Oklahoma Friday night that will further enhance lift
    across the Slight Risk region, particularly the southern part of
    it. The result will be a series of waves of strong thunderstorms
    that will feed on the influx of moisture and instability to allow
    for frequent redevelopment and training as the entire complex of
    storms pushes southeast. The strongest storms and most persistent
    rainfall will occur over areas hard-hit in recent days with prior
    heavy rainfall, so soils in areas from southern Oklahoma to western
    Missouri are already near saturation and well above normal for soil
    moisture content for this time of year. Urban areas from Kansas
    City to Tulsa will be especially vulnerable should persistent heavy
    rains set up over those metro areas. Meanwhile, a portion of the
    Ozarks could also introduce a topographic factor to any flooding
    potential. A higher-end Slight (25-40% chance of flash flooding)
    is in effect from northwestern Oklahoma through central Missouri.

    Meanwhile, further north into the Midwest, the storms are more
    likely to organize into a single line of storms more quickly.
    However, these areas have even more saturated soils due to more
    recent rains. When added the urban factor in cities such as St.
    Louis, Chicago, and Milwaukee, even a shortened period of heavy
    rainfall could still result in widely scattered instances of flash
    flooding. The Slight Risk in this area was expanded north up Lake
    Michigan to Green Bay, but elsewhere remains little changed.

    Wegman

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Sat Apr 18 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 19 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE GULF COAST AND LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY...

    A strong cold front sweeping south down the Plains will provide the
    primary forcing for a line of strong thunderstorms to form as the
    front uplifts a warm and moisture-laden air mass from the Gulf. Due
    to close proximity to the Gulf, PWATs are likely to spike to
    between 1.5 and 1.75 inches Saturday evening. This will support
    thunderstorms capable of very heavy rainfall. The line will
    generally be progressive, moving south. Further, the Marginal Risk
    area is generally covering some of the highest FFG areas in the
    country. Thus, the flash flooding threat is largely focused on the
    urban factor in areas such as Houston, Beaumont, and Alexandria.
    Most of the convective activity is expected at or after sunset, so
    any flooding that occurs will be more dangerous.

    Wegman

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Sun Apr 19 2026 - 12Z Mon Apr 20 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR DEEP SOUTH
    TEXAS...

    An area of disturbed weather, partially from the remnants of a cold
    front that swept across much of Texas on Saturday, will impact
    portions of Deep South Texas Sunday into Sunday night. The air mass
    will be characterized by summer-like amounts of moisture, with
    PWATs exceeding 2 inches in a few areas, and over 1.75 inches
    across much of Deep South Texas. This will support any showers and thunderstorms that form across the area to be capable of very
    heavy rainfall. However, the forcing for this rainfall will be
    lacking, resulting in only isolated to widely scattered showers and thunderstorms. Further, the FFGs in Deep South Texas are quite
    high, so any storms, which should be slow-moving, would need to
    train or remain over a single area for a while to produce flash
    flooding. Thus, only isolated instances of flash flooding are
    expected.

    Wegman


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!6hMhKu6GCT4jxRt2L-VQi9jYa3W3iKJL0zzaWaUG9FnI= tQKh3T3VrR8MK2wDjhAuTBvbtk6gTLbM-qog0QUdcwWEiV0$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!6hMhKu6GCT4jxRt2L-VQi9jYa3W3iKJL0zzaWaUG9FnI= tQKh3T3VrR8MK2wDjhAuTBvbtk6gTLbM-qog0QUdXKOqrZ8$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!6hMhKu6GCT4jxRt2L-VQi9jYa3W3iKJL0zzaWaUG9FnI= tQKh3T3VrR8MK2wDjhAuTBvbtk6gTLbM-qog0QUd7mtAqVg$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Fri Apr 17 19:09:15 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 171909
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    309 PM EDT Fri Apr 17 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Fri Apr 17 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 18 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FROM OKLAHOMA
    THROUGH PORTIONS OF THE MIDWEST...

    16Z Update: Minimal changes were made from the previous forecast,
    with a broad high-end SLGT Risk area from OK through central MO.
    The SLGT Risk region was expanded ever-so-slightly southwest
    further into central OK to account for good agreement with ML
    models (ECAIFS and AIGFS) in handling the tail-end of the cold
    front, albeit not as impactful.

    An upper level trough in the northern Plains will pickup a cutoff
    low in the Southwest, enhancing upper-level divergence due to jet
    coupling in the Central Plains. A strong cold front will continue
    tracking southeastward as a result through the central and southern
    Plains, which will meet a moist Gulf airmass with a relatively
    robust southerly LLJ. Low-level convergence will be maximized upon
    this interaction, and with high PWAT anomalies (widespread +3
    standard deviations across northeast OK, southeast KS, and MO),
    heavy rainfall is expected. Updated neighborhood probabilities
    remain over 90% to exceed 2" in much of MO and KS, and 60% to
    exceed 3" in southeast KS.

    Blanco-Alcala

    ..Previous Discussion..

    A strong cold front tracking southeast across the Plains will run
    into a moist and unstable air mass driven by a robust low level jet
    streaming north off the western Gulf and into the Great Lakes.
    Meanwhile, a strengthening upper level jet will develop across
    Texas and Oklahoma Friday night that will further enhance lift
    across the Slight Risk region, particularly the southern part of
    it. The result will be a series of waves of strong thunderstorms
    that will feed on the influx of moisture and instability to allow
    for frequent redevelopment and training as the entire complex of
    storms pushes southeast. The strongest storms and most persistent
    rainfall will occur over areas hard-hit in recent days with prior
    heavy rainfall, so soils in areas from southern Oklahoma to western
    Missouri are already near saturation and well above normal for soil
    moisture content for this time of year. Urban areas from Kansas
    City to Tulsa will be especially vulnerable should persistent heavy
    rains set up over those metro areas. Meanwhile, a portion of the
    Ozarks could also introduce a topographic factor to any flooding
    potential. A higher-end Slight (25-40% chance of flash flooding)
    is in effect from northwestern Oklahoma through central Missouri.

    Meanwhile, further north into the Midwest, the storms are more
    likely to organize into a single line of storms more quickly.
    However, these areas have even more saturated soils due to more
    recent rains. When added the urban factor in cities such as St.
    Louis, Chicago, and Milwaukee, even a shortened period of heavy
    rainfall could still result in widely scattered instances of flash
    flooding. The Slight Risk in this area was expanded north up Lake
    Michigan to Green Bay, but elsewhere remains little changed.

    Wegman

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Sat Apr 18 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 19 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE GULF COAST AND LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY...

    20Z Update: The MRGL Risk area remains mostly unchanged from the=20
    previous forecast. The main exception being a removal of the=20
    northern portions of the area including parts of central MS, which=20
    has seen a decrease in neighborhood probs. New probs suggest a=20
    moderate possibility (40%) of over 1", with little to no chance of
    an excess of 2". The progressive nature of the cold front and the=20
    slightly decrease QPF and further justified the removal of the=20
    area.

    Blanco-Alcala


    ..Previous Discussion

    A strong cold front sweeping south down the Plains will provide the
    primary forcing for a line of strong thunderstorms to form as the
    front uplifts a warm and moisture-laden air mass from the Gulf. Due
    to close proximity to the Gulf, PWATs are likely to spike to
    between 1.5 and 1.75 inches Saturday evening. This will support
    thunderstorms capable of very heavy rainfall. The line will
    generally be progressive, moving south. Further, the Marginal Risk
    area is generally covering some of the highest FFG areas in the
    country. Thus, the flash flooding threat is largely focused on the
    urban factor in areas such as Houston, Beaumont, and Alexandria.
    Most of the convective activity is expected at or after sunset, so
    any flooding that occurs will be more dangerous.

    Wegman

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Sun Apr 19 2026 - 12Z Mon Apr 20 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR DEEP SOUTH
    TEXAS...


    Remnants of the previously mentioned cold front set to impact the
    Gulf Coast on Saturday will continue to feed in moisture to the
    deep south of Texas on Sunday. Upon reaching and entering the Gulf,
    the tail-end of the front will stall just offshore of the southern
    Gulf Coast. This will produce a low-level inverted trough just off
    the east coast of Texas, with the low-level wind regime shifting=20
    to a more easterly flow. PWATs will approach and exceed 2 inches=20
    off the coast, which with the aforementioned easterlies will=20
    result in moist onshore flow from the Gulf. This will result in=20
    showers and thunderstorms in the Deep South of Texas, and will have
    the possibility of bringing heavy rain. Currently, any higher end=20
    flash flooding impacts will be inhibited by a variety of factors.=20
    The low-level flow appears to be on the weaker side, with a suite=20
    of global ensembles suggesting 15kt onshore flow. Additionally, FFG
    guidance remains high, and with unfavorable upper-level forcing by
    way of subtle ridge, any flash flooding would need to come by way=20
    of training setup. At this point, any instance of this appears to=20
    remain quite isolated.


    Blanco-Alcala/Wegman


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!_ogHe9WEFW2vaErGB-jxYuRlCIcXgCfp_3M_7NTdb7J-= E1pjoWSw5raDPB2vWPY91rB8AaqH0YANLTD0wfbu-0rQGtw$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!_ogHe9WEFW2vaErGB-jxYuRlCIcXgCfp_3M_7NTdb7J-= E1pjoWSw5raDPB2vWPY91rB8AaqH0YANLTD0wfbu1mjPK2k$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!_ogHe9WEFW2vaErGB-jxYuRlCIcXgCfp_3M_7NTdb7J-= E1pjoWSw5raDPB2vWPY91rB8AaqH0YANLTD0wfbuO620jgc$=20

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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Sat Apr 18 00:51:47 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 180051
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    851 PM EDT Fri Apr 17 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 01Z Sat Apr 18 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 18 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FROM OKLAHOMA
    THROUGH PORTIONS OF THE MIDWEST INTO UPPER GREAT LAKES...

    01Z Update: Minimal changes were made from the previous outlook.=20
    The primary change was to remove outlook areas where a well defined
    front has already passed while few changes were needed to the=20
    northern or eastern periphery. A Slight Risk area remains from=20
    Oklahoma northeastward into the western Great Lakes region...with=20
    the area from northeast Oklahoma into parts of Missouri being=20
    considered as a higher-end Slight Risk.

    The convection continued to be focused along and ahead of a well
    defined cold front making its way eastward at the surface and
    enhanced upper level divergence due to jet coupling in the Central
    Plains and the re-formation of a robust southerly low level jet
    later tonight across the Southern and Central Plains. Latest
    numerical guidance still pegs the precipitable water anomalies
    around +3 standard deviations helping to increase the excessive
    rainfall risk.

    Bann

    ..Previous Discussion..

    A strong cold front tracking southeast across the Plains will run
    into a moist and unstable air mass driven by a robust low level jet
    streaming north off the western Gulf and into the Great Lakes.
    Meanwhile, a strengthening upper level jet across Texas and=20
    Oklahoma will further enhance lift across the Slight Risk region,=20 particularly the southern part of it. The result will be a series=20
    of waves of strong thunderstorms that will feed on the influx of=20
    moisture and instability to allow for frequent redevelopment and=20
    training as the entire complex of storms pushes southeast. The=20
    strongest storms and most persistent rainfall will occur over areas
    hard-hit in recent days with prior heavy rainfall, so soils in=20
    areas from southern Oklahoma to western Missouri are already near=20
    saturation and well above normal for soil moisture content for this
    time of year. Urban areas from Kansas City to Tulsa will be=20
    especially vulnerable should persistent heavy rains set up over=20
    those metro areas. Meanwhile, a portion of the Ozarks could also=20
    introduce a topographic factor to any flooding potential. A higher-
    end Slight (25-40% chance of flash flooding) is in effect from=20
    northwestern Oklahoma through central Missouri.

    Meanwhile, further north into the Midwest, the storms are more
    likely to organize into a single line of storms more quickly.
    However, these areas have even more saturated soils due to more
    recent rains. When added the urban factor in cities such as St.
    Louis, Chicago, and Milwaukee, even a shortened period of heavy
    rainfall could still result in widely scattered instances of flash
    flooding. The Slight Risk in this area was expanded north up Lake
    Michigan to Green Bay, but elsewhere remains little changed.

    Wegman

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Sat Apr 18 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 19 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE GULF COAST AND LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY...

    20Z Update: The MRGL Risk area remains mostly unchanged from the
    previous forecast. The main exception being a removal of the
    northern portions of the area including parts of central MS, which
    has seen a decrease in neighborhood probs. New probs suggest a
    moderate possibility (40%) of over 1", with little to no chance of
    an excess of 2". The progressive nature of the cold front and the
    slightly decrease QPF and further justified the removal of the
    area.

    Blanco-Alcala


    ..Previous Discussion

    A strong cold front sweeping south down the Plains will provide the
    primary forcing for a line of strong thunderstorms to form as the
    front uplifts a warm and moisture-laden air mass from the Gulf. Due
    to close proximity to the Gulf, PWATs are likely to spike to
    between 1.5 and 1.75 inches Saturday evening. This will support
    thunderstorms capable of very heavy rainfall. The line will
    generally be progressive, moving south. Further, the Marginal Risk
    area is generally covering some of the highest FFG areas in the
    country. Thus, the flash flooding threat is largely focused on the
    urban factor in areas such as Houston, Beaumont, and Alexandria.
    Most of the convective activity is expected at or after sunset, so
    any flooding that occurs will be more dangerous.

    Wegman

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Sun Apr 19 2026 - 12Z Mon Apr 20 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR DEEP SOUTH
    TEXAS...


    Remnants of the previously mentioned cold front set to impact the
    Gulf Coast on Saturday will continue to feed in moisture to the
    deep south of Texas on Sunday. Upon reaching and entering the Gulf,
    the tail-end of the front will stall just offshore of the southern
    Gulf Coast. This will produce a low-level inverted trough just off
    the east coast of Texas, with the low-level wind regime shifting
    to a more easterly flow. PWATs will approach and exceed 2 inches
    off the coast, which with the aforementioned easterlies will
    result in moist onshore flow from the Gulf. This will result in
    showers and thunderstorms in the Deep South of Texas, and will have
    the possibility of bringing heavy rain. Currently, any higher end
    flash flooding impacts will be inhibited by a variety of factors.
    The low-level flow appears to be on the weaker side, with a suite
    of global ensembles suggesting 15kt onshore flow. Additionally, FFG
    guidance remains high, and with unfavorable upper-level forcing by
    way of subtle ridge, any flash flooding would need to come by way
    of training setup. At this point, any instance of this appears to
    remain quite isolated.


    Blanco-Alcala/Wegman


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!7u5ZQNAnL2FMpDy071rtygH1KT5gpGzKmLEn4WAbGOQG= t4aSux56RYJW6kuxqUu692DaBc1fJRi40PKFiczQcZbDJZQ$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!7u5ZQNAnL2FMpDy071rtygH1KT5gpGzKmLEn4WAbGOQG= t4aSux56RYJW6kuxqUu692DaBc1fJRi40PKFiczQRggBt64$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!7u5ZQNAnL2FMpDy071rtygH1KT5gpGzKmLEn4WAbGOQG= t4aSux56RYJW6kuxqUu692DaBc1fJRi40PKFiczQ9vcUm_w$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Sat Apr 18 06:56:50 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 180656
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    256 AM EDT Sat Apr 18 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 12Z Sat Apr 18 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 19 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE GULF COAST AND LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY AS WELL AS FOR PORTIONS
    OF THE MID-ATLANTIC...

    ...Gulf Coast and Lower Mississippi Valley...

    A cold front sinking south across Texas on Saturday will run into
    an increasingly moist and unstable air mass located along the Gulf
    Coast Sunday afternoon. As the front lifts that air mass, rounds of
    showers and thunderstorms are expected to form and roughly parallel
    I-10 from near San Antonio east through southwestern Louisiana. The
    potential for multiple rounds of heavy rain across urban areas,
    particularly Houston, could result in isolated instances of flash
    flooding. Recent dry weather across southeast Texas and especially
    into Louisiana and southern Mississippi should work to limit the
    flash flooding potential there, whereas across central Texas, soils
    are a bit wetter from more recent heavy rainfall. Thus, FFGs
    precipitously increase with eastward extent along I-10. The
    inherited Marginal Risk was trimmed on the northern side, as the
    most persistent thunderstorms are likely to focus further south
    towards the Gulf Coast. The Marginal was expanded a bit west down
    I-10 towards San Antonio due to the aforementioned more favorable=20
    soil conditions.=20

    ...Mid-Atlantic...

    A progressive line of thunderstorms associated with a fast-moving
    cold front will sweep eastward across northern Pennsylvania and
    western and central New York this afternoon and evening. The
    Marginal was introduced primarily because preexisting moist soil
    conditions across this region and the topography will both support
    the development of isolated instances of flash flooding despite
    less than impressive rainfall totals across this area. The line of
    storms will traverse the Marginal Risk region at peak heating late
    afternoon through the evening, which should allow the storms to
    also be at their peak in strength.=20

    Wegman

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Sun Apr 19 2026 - 12Z Mon Apr 20 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    SOUTH TEXAS...

    The cold front from Saturday night should be just off the coast=20
    and into the Gulf Sunday morning, although a residual inverted=20
    trough extending from the tail of this front is expected to linger
    across South Texas much of the period. As the day progresses, weak
    shortwave energy embedded within a shallow southern stream trough=20
    will emerge from Mexico to produce modest ascent through divergence
    and PVA, combining with convergence along the aforementioned=20
    trough to create scattered showers and thunderstorms across the=20
    region. Downstream of this feature, subtle ridging will halt the=20
    progression of the surface trough, while additionally keeping PWs=20
    pooled across South Texas, which is reflected by NAEFS ensemble=20
    tables indicating that PWs will remain above the 90th percentile of
    the CFSR climatology.=20

    The overlap of this ascent into the moist column will manifest as=20
    heavy rain producing convection, with both HREF and REFS indicating=20
    a low end potential for 1"/hr rainfall rates. While the high-res=20
    simulated reflectivity still features wide variation in coverage,=20
    making confidence in the excessive rainfall potential a bit lower=20
    than usual, storm motions within any of this convection will likely
    be slow (0-6km mean winds of just 5-10 kts), so any of these heavy
    rates could be sufficient to overcome the FFG. The greatest=20
    potential may be along the immediate coast due to the overlap of=20
    slower storms (pinned) and lower FFG, but anywhere these slow=20
    storms develop, isolated instances of flash flooding could result.

    Weiss

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Mon Apr 20 2026 - 12Z Tue Apr 21 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL CHANCE OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL ACROSS PARTS OF
    NORTHERN CALIFORNIA AND ACROSS THE LOWER TO MID TEXAS COAST TO THE
    HILL COUNTRY...

    ...Northern California...

    Deepening upper level low eventually closes off late in the weekend
    off the northern CA coast. Afterwards, the guidance shows this
    broad, deep low pinwheeling slowly eastward on day 3, thereby
    allowing for a prolonged period of favorable forcing, i.e. upper=20 diffluence/deep layer ascent and anomalous low-mid layer moisture=20
    transport. The latest GEFS in fact indicates 850-700 mb moisture=20
    flux peaking between 2-3 standard deviations above normal from the
    Bay area into the northern CA coastal ranges and Sacramento Valley.
    Due to the nature of the upper system (closed mid-upper low), this
    will not be a typical AR event, per the 'weak' AR classification
    from CW3E. However, Integrated water vapor transport (IVT) values
    do peak around 500 Kg/m/s, while the guidance (GFS-ECMWF-NAM) does
    indicate elevated CAPEs of 100-250 J/Kg. Areal average QPFs per the
    guidance on Day 3 (12Z Mon-12Z Tue) support widespread 1-2"
    rainfall totals, though higher-res members (including the RRFS) do
    show isolated higher totals closer to 3". Given the potential for
    at least 0.50"/hr rainfall rates on Day 3, the Marginal Risk area
    was maintained (and expanded) to account for the possibility of
    some excess runoff over burn scars.=20

    ...Lower-Middle Texas Coast to the Hill Country...

    Guidance continues to show subtle/flat southern stream shortwave
    traversing this area Mon-Mon night, which will likely become=20 convectively-aided from any MCV(s) emanating out of northeast=20
    Mexico. Uptick in deep-layer forcing along with moisture pooling
    from the western Gulf (PWs increasing to 1.7-1.8") and some, albeit
    weak instability (MUCAPEs ~500 J/Kg) will lead to a more favorable
    environment for widespread rainfall with embedded heavier cores. We
    maintained the Marginal Risk area inherited from yesterday's Day 4
    ERO, while expanding a little farther north to include parts of the
    Hill Country based on the latest guidance trends (deterministic and probabilistic QPF). In addition, the latest ECMWF Extreme Forecast
    Index (EFI) for QPF peaks between 0.6-0.7 during this event, with=20
    a shift-of-tails close to 1 along the coast.

    Hurley


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!6ADxbKxeaPgeHtjHvuEHreH0zBBh1Xy29hVBYUc044_h= 7GptVuMpTRHbES9YVE1R_bWw1ReE2ZnFcgqW6bzLNq8EWfI$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!6ADxbKxeaPgeHtjHvuEHreH0zBBh1Xy29hVBYUc044_h= 7GptVuMpTRHbES9YVE1R_bWw1ReE2ZnFcgqW6bzLTJkZFJU$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!6ADxbKxeaPgeHtjHvuEHreH0zBBh1Xy29hVBYUc044_h= 7GptVuMpTRHbES9YVE1R_bWw1ReE2ZnFcgqW6bzLaxU4fXQ$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Sat Apr 18 06:58:18 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 180658
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    258 AM EDT Sat Apr 18 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 12Z Sat Apr 18 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 19 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE GULF COAST AND LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY AS WELL AS FOR PORTIONS
    OF THE MID-ATLANTIC...

    ...Gulf Coast and Lower Mississippi Valley...

    A cold front sinking south across Texas on Saturday will run into
    an increasingly moist and unstable air mass located along the Gulf
    Coast Sunday afternoon. As the front lifts that air mass, rounds of
    showers and thunderstorms are expected to form and roughly parallel
    I-10 from near San Antonio east through southwestern Louisiana. The
    potential for multiple rounds of heavy rain across urban areas,
    particularly Houston, could result in isolated instances of flash
    flooding. Recent dry weather across southeast Texas and especially
    into Louisiana and southern Mississippi should work to limit the
    flash flooding potential there, whereas across central Texas, soils
    are a bit wetter from more recent heavy rainfall. Thus, FFGs
    precipitously increase with eastward extent along I-10. The
    inherited Marginal Risk was trimmed on the northern side, as the
    most persistent thunderstorms are likely to focus further south
    towards the Gulf Coast. The Marginal was expanded a bit west down
    I-10 towards San Antonio due to the aforementioned more favorable
    soil conditions.

    ...Mid-Atlantic...

    A progressive line of thunderstorms associated with a fast-moving
    cold front will sweep eastward across northern Pennsylvania and
    western and central New York this afternoon and evening. The
    Marginal was introduced primarily because preexisting moist soil
    conditions across this region and the topography will both support
    the development of isolated instances of flash flooding despite
    less than impressive rainfall totals across this area. The line of
    storms will traverse the Marginal Risk region at peak heating late
    afternoon through the evening, which should allow the storms to
    also be at their peak in strength.

    Wegman

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Sun Apr 19 2026 - 12Z Mon Apr 20 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    SOUTH TEXAS...

    The cold front from Saturday night should be just off the coast
    and into the Gulf Sunday morning, although a residual inverted
    trough extending from the tail of this front is expected to linger
    across South Texas much of the period. As the day progresses, weak
    shortwave energy embedded within a shallow southern stream trough
    will emerge from Mexico to produce modest ascent through divergence
    and PVA, combining with convergence along the aforementioned
    trough to create scattered showers and thunderstorms across the
    region. Downstream of this feature, subtle ridging will halt the
    progression of the surface trough, while additionally keeping PWs
    pooled across South Texas, which is reflected by NAEFS ensemble
    tables indicating that PWs will remain above the 90th percentile of
    the CFSR climatology.

    The overlap of this ascent into the moist column will manifest as
    heavy rain producing convection, with both HREF and REFS indicating
    a low end potential for 1"/hr rainfall rates. While the high-res
    simulated reflectivity still features wide variation in coverage,
    making confidence in the excessive rainfall potential a bit lower
    than usual, storm motions within any of this convection will likely
    be slow (0-6km mean winds of just 5-10 kts), so any of these heavy
    rates could be sufficient to overcome the FFG. The greatest
    potential may be along the immediate coast due to the overlap of
    slower storms (pinned) and lower FFG, but anywhere these slow
    storms develop, isolated instances of flash flooding could result.

    Weiss

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Mon Apr 20 2026 - 12Z Tue Apr 21 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL CHANCE OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL ACROSS PARTS OF
    NORTHERN CALIFORNIA AND ACROSS THE LOWER-MIDDLE TEXAS COAST TO THE
    HILL COUNTRY...

    ...Northern California...

    Deepening upper level low eventually closes off late in the weekend
    off the northern CA coast. Afterwards, the guidance shows this
    broad, deep low pinwheeling slowly eastward on day 3, thereby
    allowing for a prolonged period of favorable forcing, i.e. upper diffluence/deep layer ascent and anomalous low-mid layer moisture
    transport. The latest GEFS in fact indicates 850-700 mb moisture
    flux peaking between 2-3 standard deviations above normal from the
    Bay area into the northern CA coastal ranges and Sacramento Valley.
    Due to the nature of the upper system (closed mid-upper low), this
    will not be a typical AR event, per the 'weak' AR classification
    from CW3E. However, Integrated water vapor transport (IVT) values
    do peak around 500 Kg/m/s, while the guidance (GFS-ECMWF-NAM) does
    indicate elevated CAPEs of 100-250 J/Kg. Areal average QPFs per the
    guidance on Day 3 (12Z Mon-12Z Tue) support widespread 1-2"
    rainfall totals, though higher-res members (including the RRFS) do
    show isolated higher totals closer to 3". Given the potential for
    at least 0.50"/hr rainfall rates on Day 3, the Marginal Risk area
    was maintained (and expanded) to account for the possibility of
    some excess runoff over burn scars.

    ...Lower-Middle Texas Coast to the Hill Country...

    Guidance continues to show subtle/flat southern stream shortwave
    traversing this area Mon-Mon night, which will likely become
    convectively-aided from any MCV(s) emanating out of northeast
    Mexico. Uptick in deep-layer forcing along with moisture pooling
    from the western Gulf (PWs increasing to 1.7-1.8") and some, albeit
    weak instability (MUCAPEs ~500 J/Kg) will lead to a more favorable
    environment for widespread rainfall with embedded heavier cores. We
    maintained the Marginal Risk area inherited from yesterday's Day 4
    ERO, while expanding a little farther north to include parts of the
    Hill Country based on the latest guidance trends (deterministic and probabilistic QPF). In addition, the latest ECMWF Extreme Forecast
    Index (EFI) for QPF peaks between 0.6-0.7 during this event, with
    a shift-of-tails close to 1 along the coast.

    Hurley


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!7Ot5sUeYmXpHMmCj0cMyaYp3maXSKiOSCkAlqIcjg1CA= N0nVbZMCRoGm3TyXQlte_YC7YKSwD1i6qJVcA4OoPJmxoMo$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!7Ot5sUeYmXpHMmCj0cMyaYp3maXSKiOSCkAlqIcjg1CA= N0nVbZMCRoGm3TyXQlte_YC7YKSwD1i6qJVcA4Oomb1jO_w$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!7Ot5sUeYmXpHMmCj0cMyaYp3maXSKiOSCkAlqIcjg1CA= N0nVbZMCRoGm3TyXQlte_YC7YKSwD1i6qJVcA4OocRwhYus$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Sat Apr 18 15:31:34 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 181531
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    1131 AM EDT Sat Apr 18 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Sat Apr 18 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 19 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE GULF COAST AND LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY AS WELL AS FOR PORTIONS
    OF NEW YORK/PENNSYLVANIA...

    ...16Z Update...

    Both low-end Marginal Risks seem on track for today/tonight. For=20
    the PA/NY Marginal, minor adjustments were made to shrink the=20
    Marginal as models converge on position of the locally heavy rain
    near/ahead of a cold front. Fast movement of the band and lack of=20 instability will be limiting factors to flooding concerns there=20
    though, despite strong forcing. Then for the southern Marginal, hi-
    res CAMs do continue to show a narrow axis of 2" to locally 3"=20
    totals across southeast Texas into Louisiana. Urban areas should=20
    have relatively higher concerns for flash flooding in an otherwise=20
    high FFG environment. Some convection may focus farther west in=20
    southwestern Texas as well this evening/overnight, but very high=20
    FFGs should likely preclude flooding issues, yielding a less than 5
    percent risk.=20

    Tate

    ...Previous Discussion...

    ...Gulf Coast and Lower Mississippi Valley...

    A cold front sinking south across Texas on Saturday will run into
    an increasingly moist and unstable air mass located along the Gulf
    Coast Sunday afternoon. As the front lifts that air mass, rounds of
    showers and thunderstorms are expected to form and roughly parallel
    I-10 from near San Antonio east through southwestern Louisiana. The
    potential for multiple rounds of heavy rain across urban areas,
    particularly Houston, could result in isolated instances of flash
    flooding. Recent dry weather across southeast Texas and especially
    into Louisiana and southern Mississippi should work to limit the
    flash flooding potential there, whereas across central Texas, soils
    are a bit wetter from more recent heavy rainfall. Thus, FFGs
    precipitously increase with eastward extent along I-10. The
    inherited Marginal Risk was trimmed on the northern side, as the
    most persistent thunderstorms are likely to focus further south
    towards the Gulf Coast. The Marginal was expanded a bit west down
    I-10 towards San Antonio due to the aforementioned more favorable
    soil conditions.

    ...New York/Pennsylvania...

    A progressive line of thunderstorms associated with a fast-moving
    cold front will sweep eastward across northern Pennsylvania and
    western and central New York this afternoon and evening. The
    Marginal was introduced primarily because preexisting moist soil
    conditions across this region and the topography will both support
    the development of isolated instances of flash flooding despite
    less than impressive rainfall totals across this area. The line of
    storms will traverse the Marginal Risk region at peak heating late
    afternoon through the evening, which should allow the storms to
    also be at their peak in strength.

    Wegman

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Sun Apr 19 2026 - 12Z Mon Apr 20 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    SOUTH TEXAS...

    The cold front from Saturday night should be just off the coast
    and into the Gulf Sunday morning, although a residual inverted
    trough extending from the tail of this front is expected to linger
    across South Texas much of the period. As the day progresses, weak
    shortwave energy embedded within a shallow southern stream trough
    will emerge from Mexico to produce modest ascent through divergence
    and PVA, combining with convergence along the aforementioned
    trough to create scattered showers and thunderstorms across the
    region. Downstream of this feature, subtle ridging will halt the
    progression of the surface trough, while additionally keeping PWs
    pooled across South Texas, which is reflected by NAEFS ensemble
    tables indicating that PWs will remain above the 90th percentile of
    the CFSR climatology.

    The overlap of this ascent into the moist column will manifest as
    heavy rain producing convection, with both HREF and REFS indicating
    a low end potential for 1"/hr rainfall rates. While the high-res
    simulated reflectivity still features wide variation in coverage,
    making confidence in the excessive rainfall potential a bit lower
    than usual, storm motions within any of this convection will likely
    be slow (0-6km mean winds of just 5-10 kts), so any of these heavy
    rates could be sufficient to overcome the FFG. The greatest
    potential may be along the immediate coast due to the overlap of
    slower storms (pinned) and lower FFG, but anywhere these slow
    storms develop, isolated instances of flash flooding could result.

    Weiss

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Mon Apr 20 2026 - 12Z Tue Apr 21 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL CHANCE OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL ACROSS PARTS OF
    NORTHERN CALIFORNIA AND ACROSS THE LOWER-MIDDLE TEXAS COAST TO THE
    HILL COUNTRY...

    ...Northern California...

    Deepening upper level low eventually closes off late in the weekend
    off the northern CA coast. Afterwards, the guidance shows this
    broad, deep low pinwheeling slowly eastward on day 3, thereby
    allowing for a prolonged period of favorable forcing, i.e. upper diffluence/deep layer ascent and anomalous low-mid layer moisture
    transport. The latest GEFS in fact indicates 850-700 mb moisture
    flux peaking between 2-3 standard deviations above normal from the
    Bay area into the northern CA coastal ranges and Sacramento Valley.
    Due to the nature of the upper system (closed mid-upper low), this
    will not be a typical AR event, per the 'weak' AR classification
    from CW3E. However, Integrated water vapor transport (IVT) values
    do peak around 500 Kg/m/s, while the guidance (GFS-ECMWF-NAM) does
    indicate elevated CAPEs of 100-250 J/Kg. Areal average QPFs per the
    guidance on Day 3 (12Z Mon-12Z Tue) support widespread 1-2"
    rainfall totals, though higher-res members (including the RRFS) do
    show isolated higher totals closer to 3". Given the potential for
    at least 0.50"/hr rainfall rates on Day 3, the Marginal Risk area
    was maintained (and expanded) to account for the possibility of
    some excess runoff over burn scars.

    ...Lower-Middle Texas Coast to the Hill Country...

    Guidance continues to show subtle/flat southern stream shortwave
    traversing this area Mon-Mon night, which will likely become
    convectively-aided from any MCV(s) emanating out of northeast
    Mexico. Uptick in deep-layer forcing along with moisture pooling
    from the western Gulf (PWs increasing to 1.7-1.8") and some, albeit
    weak instability (MUCAPEs ~500 J/Kg) will lead to a more favorable
    environment for widespread rainfall with embedded heavier cores. We
    maintained the Marginal Risk area inherited from yesterday's Day 4
    ERO, while expanding a little farther north to include parts of the
    Hill Country based on the latest guidance trends (deterministic and probabilistic QPF). In addition, the latest ECMWF Extreme Forecast
    Index (EFI) for QPF peaks between 0.6-0.7 during this event, with
    a shift-of-tails close to 1 along the coast.

    Hurley


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5hJO664dXtq0I2_djz3OqJEP_sIVt7qfA1G108MrejAY= C4Nj1X9-1SyXzHgC7Hd4EFtmu1dhUyYR07O_etDhSsttw7M$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5hJO664dXtq0I2_djz3OqJEP_sIVt7qfA1G108MrejAY= C4Nj1X9-1SyXzHgC7Hd4EFtmu1dhUyYR07O_etDh2FwSDso$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5hJO664dXtq0I2_djz3OqJEP_sIVt7qfA1G108MrejAY= C4Nj1X9-1SyXzHgC7Hd4EFtmu1dhUyYR07O_etDh8fKri5o$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Sat Apr 18 18:59:59 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 181859
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    259 PM EDT Sat Apr 18 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Sat Apr 18 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 19 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE GULF COAST AND LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY AS WELL AS FOR PORTIONS
    OF NEW YORK/PENNSYLVANIA...

    ...16Z Update...

    Both low-end Marginal Risks seem on track for today/tonight. For
    the PA/NY Marginal, minor adjustments were made to shrink the
    Marginal as models converge on position of the locally heavy rain
    near/ahead of a cold front. Fast movement of the band and lack of
    instability will be limiting factors to flooding concerns there
    though, despite strong forcing. Then for the southern Marginal, hi-
    res CAMs do continue to show a narrow axis of 2" to locally 3"
    totals across southeast Texas into Louisiana. Urban areas should
    have relatively higher concerns for flash flooding in an otherwise
    high FFG environment. Some convection may focus farther west in
    southwestern Texas as well this evening/overnight, but very high
    FFGs should likely preclude flooding issues, yielding a less than 5
    percent risk.

    Tate

    ...Previous Discussion...

    ...Gulf Coast and Lower Mississippi Valley...

    A cold front sinking south across Texas on Saturday will run into
    an increasingly moist and unstable air mass located along the Gulf
    Coast Sunday afternoon. As the front lifts that air mass, rounds of
    showers and thunderstorms are expected to form and roughly parallel
    I-10 from near San Antonio east through southwestern Louisiana. The
    potential for multiple rounds of heavy rain across urban areas,
    particularly Houston, could result in isolated instances of flash
    flooding. Recent dry weather across southeast Texas and especially
    into Louisiana and southern Mississippi should work to limit the
    flash flooding potential there, whereas across central Texas, soils
    are a bit wetter from more recent heavy rainfall. Thus, FFGs
    precipitously increase with eastward extent along I-10. The
    inherited Marginal Risk was trimmed on the northern side, as the
    most persistent thunderstorms are likely to focus further south
    towards the Gulf Coast. The Marginal was expanded a bit west down
    I-10 towards San Antonio due to the aforementioned more favorable
    soil conditions.

    ...New York/Pennsylvania...

    A progressive line of thunderstorms associated with a fast-moving
    cold front will sweep eastward across northern Pennsylvania and
    western and central New York this afternoon and evening. The
    Marginal was introduced primarily because preexisting moist soil
    conditions across this region and the topography will both support
    the development of isolated instances of flash flooding despite
    less than impressive rainfall totals across this area. The line of
    storms will traverse the Marginal Risk region at peak heating late
    afternoon through the evening, which should allow the storms to
    also be at their peak in strength.

    Wegman

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Sun Apr 19 2026 - 12Z Mon Apr 20 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    SOUTH TEXAS...

    ...1900Z Update...

    No major changes were needed to the Day 2 South Texas Marginal.
    Lack of instability will certainly be a limiting factor across the
    region, and HREF probabilities of exceeding 3h and 6h FFG are nil.
    But a low-end flash flooding risk could emerge due to the moist
    environment with stalling/slow-moving convection discussed below,
    so will give the Marginal another cycle in the outlook. It looks
    like convergence along coastal areas may produce locally higher
    rain totals during the day, while northwestern areas of the
    Marginal could see renewed convection overnight as the shortwave
    approaches.

    Tate

    ...Previous Discussion...

    The cold front from Saturday night should be just off the coast
    and into the Gulf Sunday morning, although a residual inverted
    trough extending from the tail of this front is expected to linger
    across South Texas much of the period. As the day progresses, weak
    shortwave energy embedded within a shallow southern stream trough
    will emerge from Mexico to produce modest ascent through divergence
    and PVA, combining with convergence along the aforementioned
    trough to create scattered showers and thunderstorms across the
    region. Downstream of this feature, subtle ridging will halt the
    progression of the surface trough, while additionally keeping PWs
    pooled across South Texas, which is reflected by NAEFS ensemble
    tables indicating that PWs will remain above the 90th percentile of
    the CFSR climatology.

    The overlap of this ascent into the moist column will manifest as
    heavy rain producing convection, with both HREF and REFS indicating
    a low end potential for 1"/hr rainfall rates. While the high-res
    simulated reflectivity still features wide variation in coverage,
    making confidence in the excessive rainfall potential a bit lower
    than usual, storm motions within any of this convection will likely
    be slow (0-6km mean winds of just 5-10 kts), so any of these heavy
    rates could be sufficient to overcome the FFG. The greatest
    potential may be along the immediate coast due to the overlap of
    slower storms (pinned) and lower FFG, but anywhere these slow
    storms develop, isolated instances of flash flooding could result.

    Weiss

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Mon Apr 20 2026 - 12Z Tue Apr 21 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL CHANCE OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL ACROSS PARTS OF
    NORTHERN CALIFORNIA AND ACROSS THE LOWER-MIDDLE TEXAS COAST TO THE
    HILL COUNTRY...

    ...1900Z Update...

    Both the northern California and Texas Marginal Risks for Day 3
    still look on track. Little to no changes were needed based on new
    guidance, and the previous discussion's reasoning remains valid.

    Tate

    ...Previous Discussion...

    ...Northern California...

    Deepening upper level low eventually closes off late in the weekend
    off the northern CA coast. Afterwards, the guidance shows this
    broad, deep low pinwheeling slowly eastward on day 3, thereby
    allowing for a prolonged period of favorable forcing, i.e. upper diffluence/deep layer ascent and anomalous low-mid layer moisture
    transport. The latest GEFS in fact indicates 850-700 mb moisture
    flux peaking between 2-3 standard deviations above normal from the
    Bay area into the northern CA coastal ranges and Sacramento Valley.
    Due to the nature of the upper system (closed mid-upper low), this
    will not be a typical AR event, per the 'weak' AR classification
    from CW3E. However, Integrated water vapor transport (IVT) values
    do peak around 500 Kg/m/s, while the guidance (GFS-ECMWF-NAM) does
    indicate elevated CAPEs of 100-250 J/Kg. Areal average QPFs per the
    guidance on Day 3 (12Z Mon-12Z Tue) support widespread 1-2"
    rainfall totals, though higher-res members (including the RRFS) do
    show isolated higher totals closer to 3". Given the potential for
    at least 0.50"/hr rainfall rates on Day 3, the Marginal Risk area
    was maintained (and expanded) to account for the possibility of
    some excess runoff over burn scars.

    ...Lower-Middle Texas Coast to the Hill Country...

    Guidance continues to show subtle/flat southern stream shortwave
    traversing this area Mon-Mon night, which will likely become
    convectively-aided from any MCV(s) emanating out of northeast
    Mexico. Uptick in deep-layer forcing along with moisture pooling
    from the western Gulf (PWs increasing to 1.7-1.8") and some, albeit
    weak instability (MUCAPEs ~500 J/Kg) will lead to a more favorable
    environment for widespread rainfall with embedded heavier cores. We
    maintained the Marginal Risk area inherited from yesterday's Day 4
    ERO, while expanding a little farther north to include parts of the
    Hill Country based on the latest guidance trends (deterministic and probabilistic QPF). In addition, the latest ECMWF Extreme Forecast
    Index (EFI) for QPF peaks between 0.6-0.7 during this event, with
    a shift-of-tails close to 1 along the coast.

    Hurley


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!8Mm7XYWKlKRNmkimr72Ki6JwU8ObbSth9RvtEWRBUJB3= gB9f5XH9rRhLAa2CdTml2OVWbF6jb6yrUIl32a97_E03tNQ$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!8Mm7XYWKlKRNmkimr72Ki6JwU8ObbSth9RvtEWRBUJB3= gB9f5XH9rRhLAa2CdTml2OVWbF6jb6yrUIl32a970d4HOZ8$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!8Mm7XYWKlKRNmkimr72Ki6JwU8ObbSth9RvtEWRBUJB3= gB9f5XH9rRhLAa2CdTml2OVWbF6jb6yrUIl32a97FrGHFsg$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Sun Apr 19 00:26:17 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 190026
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    826 PM EDT Sat Apr 18 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 01Z Sun Apr 19 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 19 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    SOUTHEAST TEXAS INTO SOUTHWEST LOUISIANA...

    01Z Update: Lingering instability and deep layer moisture along
    I-10 between Houston and Lake Charles will maintain an isolated
    heavy rain threat through the next 2-3 hours before dwindling.
    Drier theta_E advection regime is already ongoing just to the north
    with the last bit of low-level convergence centered right along
    the I-10 corridor where the front is aligned. Expect a slow
    filtering of more stable air between 850-700mb to help alleviate
    the threat over the course of the evening with the threat
    completely diminished after 06z. The front tilts northeast towards
    KLCH, so the threat may linger longer over southwest LA, but still
    a low-end threat relegated to the urban zones. The MRGL risk
    remains over a small area extending between Houston and Lake
    Charles with the risk greatest over the I-10 corridor and the
    cities themselves, including Beaumont, TX.=20

    Kleebauer


    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Sun Apr 19 2026 - 12Z Mon Apr 20 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    SOUTH TEXAS...

    ...1900Z Update...

    No major changes were needed to the Day 2 South Texas Marginal.
    Lack of instability will certainly be a limiting factor across the
    region, and HREF probabilities of exceeding 3h and 6h FFG are nil.
    But a low-end flash flooding risk could emerge due to the moist
    environment with stalling/slow-moving convection discussed below,
    so will give the Marginal another cycle in the outlook. It looks
    like convergence along coastal areas may produce locally higher
    rain totals during the day, while northwestern areas of the
    Marginal could see renewed convection overnight as the shortwave
    approaches.

    Tate

    ...Previous Discussion...

    The cold front from Saturday night should be just off the coast
    and into the Gulf Sunday morning, although a residual inverted
    trough extending from the tail of this front is expected to linger
    across South Texas much of the period. As the day progresses, weak
    shortwave energy embedded within a shallow southern stream trough
    will emerge from Mexico to produce modest ascent through divergence
    and PVA, combining with convergence along the aforementioned
    trough to create scattered showers and thunderstorms across the
    region. Downstream of this feature, subtle ridging will halt the
    progression of the surface trough, while additionally keeping PWs
    pooled across South Texas, which is reflected by NAEFS ensemble
    tables indicating that PWs will remain above the 90th percentile of
    the CFSR climatology.

    The overlap of this ascent into the moist column will manifest as
    heavy rain producing convection, with both HREF and REFS indicating
    a low end potential for 1"/hr rainfall rates. While the high-res
    simulated reflectivity still features wide variation in coverage,
    making confidence in the excessive rainfall potential a bit lower
    than usual, storm motions within any of this convection will likely
    be slow (0-6km mean winds of just 5-10 kts), so any of these heavy
    rates could be sufficient to overcome the FFG. The greatest
    potential may be along the immediate coast due to the overlap of
    slower storms (pinned) and lower FFG, but anywhere these slow
    storms develop, isolated instances of flash flooding could result.

    Weiss

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Mon Apr 20 2026 - 12Z Tue Apr 21 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL CHANCE OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL ACROSS PARTS OF
    NORTHERN CALIFORNIA AND ACROSS THE LOWER-MIDDLE TEXAS COAST TO THE
    HILL COUNTRY...

    ...1900Z Update...

    Both the northern California and Texas Marginal Risks for Day 3
    still look on track. Little to no changes were needed based on new
    guidance, and the previous discussion's reasoning remains valid.

    Tate

    ...Previous Discussion...

    ...Northern California...

    Deepening upper level low eventually closes off late in the weekend
    off the northern CA coast. Afterwards, the guidance shows this
    broad, deep low pinwheeling slowly eastward on day 3, thereby
    allowing for a prolonged period of favorable forcing, i.e. upper diffluence/deep layer ascent and anomalous low-mid layer moisture
    transport. The latest GEFS in fact indicates 850-700 mb moisture
    flux peaking between 2-3 standard deviations above normal from the
    Bay area into the northern CA coastal ranges and Sacramento Valley.
    Due to the nature of the upper system (closed mid-upper low), this
    will not be a typical AR event, per the 'weak' AR classification
    from CW3E. However, Integrated water vapor transport (IVT) values
    do peak around 500 Kg/m/s, while the guidance (GFS-ECMWF-NAM) does
    indicate elevated CAPEs of 100-250 J/Kg. Areal average QPFs per the
    guidance on Day 3 (12Z Mon-12Z Tue) support widespread 1-2"
    rainfall totals, though higher-res members (including the RRFS) do
    show isolated higher totals closer to 3". Given the potential for
    at least 0.50"/hr rainfall rates on Day 3, the Marginal Risk area
    was maintained (and expanded) to account for the possibility of
    some excess runoff over burn scars.

    ...Lower-Middle Texas Coast to the Hill Country...

    Guidance continues to show subtle/flat southern stream shortwave
    traversing this area Mon-Mon night, which will likely become
    convectively-aided from any MCV(s) emanating out of northeast
    Mexico. Uptick in deep-layer forcing along with moisture pooling
    from the western Gulf (PWs increasing to 1.7-1.8") and some, albeit
    weak instability (MUCAPEs ~500 J/Kg) will lead to a more favorable
    environment for widespread rainfall with embedded heavier cores. We
    maintained the Marginal Risk area inherited from yesterday's Day 4
    ERO, while expanding a little farther north to include parts of the
    Hill Country based on the latest guidance trends (deterministic and probabilistic QPF). In addition, the latest ECMWF Extreme Forecast
    Index (EFI) for QPF peaks between 0.6-0.7 during this event, with
    a shift-of-tails close to 1 along the coast.

    Hurley


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!_tpcB94G50aWaIuC0TXYjs_5aZgm15kzlUe2QgMMEi5m= Mf5ckqJc2Bh96YlNOQKxm-aj8T3-LyCm0FeD_Fh3iF0u-3A$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!_tpcB94G50aWaIuC0TXYjs_5aZgm15kzlUe2QgMMEi5m= Mf5ckqJc2Bh96YlNOQKxm-aj8T3-LyCm0FeD_Fh3SqC2hLs$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!_tpcB94G50aWaIuC0TXYjs_5aZgm15kzlUe2QgMMEi5m= Mf5ckqJc2Bh96YlNOQKxm-aj8T3-LyCm0FeD_Fh3RunA7E4$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Sun Apr 19 07:45:54 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 190745
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    345 AM EDT Sun Apr 19 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 12Z Sun Apr 19 2026 - 12Z Mon Apr 20 2026

    The probability of rainfall exceeding flash flood guidance is less
    than 5 percent.

    In coordination with CRP/Corpus Christi, TX and EWX/San Antonio, TX
    forecast offices, the inherited Marginal Risk across Deep South
    Texas was removed with this update. While there will be high
    moisture content (PWATs around 1.75 inches) and slow moving cells
    due to light steering winds across Deep South Texas, the lack of
    instability and very high FFGs will effectively squelch any flash
    flooding threat. MUCAPE values will struggle to exceed 300 J/kg
    through the day, which is simply not enough instability to generate
    the rain rates necessary to exceed the high FFGs.=20

    Wegman

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Mon Apr 20 2026 - 12Z Tue Apr 21 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    NORTHERN CALIFORNIA...

    ...Northern California...

    A large upper level cutoff low located off the coast will drift
    eastward into northern California on Monday. The cutoff low will
    not have a connection to the tropics, which will limit both amount
    of moisture and any instability that can be transported into
    northern California. Despite that, as is typical of cutoff lows,
    the movement will be slow, which could allow for an extended
    duration of light to moderate rainfall. That rain will impact an=20
    area that has burn scars, urban areas (Bay Area), and steep terrain
    which favors localized flash flooding. Thus, the Marginal Risk is
    left unchanged with this update.

    ...South Texas...

    The inherited Marginal Risk over a portion of this area was
    removed with this update, in coordination with CRP/Corpus Christi,
    TX, EWX/San Antonio, TX, and HGX/Houston, TX forecast offices. As
    on Day 1/Sunday, the limiting factor once again will be a true lack
    of instability, with MUCAPE values again struggling to exceed a
    couple hundred J/kg anywhere in Texas. Thus, despite above normal
    atmospheric moisture, and below normal forward motions for any
    cellular convection that does form, the high FFGs and limited
    rainfall rates should continue to prevent any flash flood
    development.

    Wegman

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Tue Apr 21 2026 - 12Z Wed Apr 22 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    CALIFORNIA AND SOUTHEAST TEXAS...

    ...California...

    A cutoff large upper level low over the coast Tuesday morning will
    progress east/inland through Tuesday night. This will direct the
    southwesterly onshore flow further south and east across central
    California. A pocket of instability with MUCAPE values as high as
    500 J/kg may move into central California during the day Tuesday as
    well. The primary forcing however will remain the steep slopes of
    the Sierras, where the greatest rainfall rates and amounts are
    expected. Due to the instability however, the more populous valley
    locations may also see periods of heavier rains, including across
    the Bay area and Sacramento. Burn scars and heavier rains into some
    of the coastal ranges and western Transverse Ranges could also
    result in localized flash flooding. Thus, the inherited Marginal
    risk was expanded south down the coast to Santa Barbara, while the
    Marginal in central California was left unchanged with this update.

    ...Southeast Texas...

    The Marginal Risk across southeast Texas was adjusted a bit to the
    northeast from inherited in keeping with the latest trends in the
    guidance, suggesting increased potential for heavier rains into the
    Houston area, and decreased potential around Corpus Christi. Unlike
    both Sunday and Monday, by Tuesday there's better agreement that
    the primary limiting factor, instability, will be less of a
    limiting factor. MUCAPE values are expected to rise above 1,000
    J/kg across much of the MRGL risk area. Somewhat more saturated
    soils in the Houston area as a result of yesterday's rains could
    also have some lingering effects into Tuesday. Thus, the inherited
    Marginal was left largely unchanged with this update.

    Wegman


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!8sNcbYhfx5tNtMVJVbiHm1HEuRuoKgguLdFuzumkptHV= pdC2zm5PFFsrb2LbjVPxTYWVt4tUXwv6tl2E6Zmh9sjlniY$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!8sNcbYhfx5tNtMVJVbiHm1HEuRuoKgguLdFuzumkptHV= pdC2zm5PFFsrb2LbjVPxTYWVt4tUXwv6tl2E6ZmhZ-HoVfs$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!8sNcbYhfx5tNtMVJVbiHm1HEuRuoKgguLdFuzumkptHV= pdC2zm5PFFsrb2LbjVPxTYWVt4tUXwv6tl2E6ZmhVR_xRzs$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Sun Apr 19 15:15:34 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 191515
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    1115 AM EDT Sun Apr 19 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Sun Apr 19 2026 - 12Z Mon Apr 20 2026

    The probability of rainfall exceeding flash flood guidance is less
    than 5 percent.

    Lack of instability should keep flash flood risk below Marginal=20
    Risk levels in southern Texas. Convection near the east coast of=20
    the Florida Peninsula also seems sub-Marginal.

    Tate

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Mon Apr 20 2026 - 12Z Tue Apr 21 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    NORTHERN CALIFORNIA...

    ...Northern California...

    A large upper level cutoff low located off the coast will drift
    eastward into northern California on Monday. The cutoff low will
    not have a connection to the tropics, which will limit both amount
    of moisture and any instability that can be transported into
    northern California. Despite that, as is typical of cutoff lows,
    the movement will be slow, which could allow for an extended
    duration of light to moderate rainfall. That rain will impact an
    area that has burn scars, urban areas (Bay Area), and steep terrain
    which favors localized flash flooding. Thus, the Marginal Risk is
    left unchanged with this update.

    ...South Texas...

    The inherited Marginal Risk over a portion of this area was
    removed with this update, in coordination with CRP/Corpus Christi,
    TX, EWX/San Antonio, TX, and HGX/Houston, TX forecast offices. As
    on Day 1/Sunday, the limiting factor once again will be a true lack
    of instability, with MUCAPE values again struggling to exceed a
    couple hundred J/kg anywhere in Texas. Thus, despite above normal
    atmospheric moisture, and below normal forward motions for any
    cellular convection that does form, the high FFGs and limited
    rainfall rates should continue to prevent any flash flood
    development.

    Wegman

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Tue Apr 21 2026 - 12Z Wed Apr 22 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    CALIFORNIA AND SOUTHEAST TEXAS...

    ...California...

    A cutoff large upper level low over the coast Tuesday morning will
    progress east/inland through Tuesday night. This will direct the
    southwesterly onshore flow further south and east across central
    California. A pocket of instability with MUCAPE values as high as
    500 J/kg may move into central California during the day Tuesday as
    well. The primary forcing however will remain the steep slopes of
    the Sierras, where the greatest rainfall rates and amounts are
    expected. Due to the instability however, the more populous valley
    locations may also see periods of heavier rains, including across
    the Bay area and Sacramento. Burn scars and heavier rains into some
    of the coastal ranges and western Transverse Ranges could also
    result in localized flash flooding. Thus, the inherited Marginal
    risk was expanded south down the coast to Santa Barbara, while the
    Marginal in central California was left unchanged with this update.

    ...Southeast Texas...

    The Marginal Risk across southeast Texas was adjusted a bit to the
    northeast from inherited in keeping with the latest trends in the
    guidance, suggesting increased potential for heavier rains into the
    Houston area, and decreased potential around Corpus Christi. Unlike
    both Sunday and Monday, by Tuesday there's better agreement that
    the primary limiting factor, instability, will be less of a
    limiting factor. MUCAPE values are expected to rise above 1,000
    J/kg across much of the MRGL risk area. Somewhat more saturated
    soils in the Houston area as a result of yesterday's rains could
    also have some lingering effects into Tuesday. Thus, the inherited
    Marginal was left largely unchanged with this update.

    Wegman


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5GuzyDWgWwncr2GO3_26IWRwLONDr1sgQwpBacnltNLH= 4Dm5i99pGdlDeWN8veB4iFdHgGXnrd-ffUfgaioKejKVhV0$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5GuzyDWgWwncr2GO3_26IWRwLONDr1sgQwpBacnltNLH= 4Dm5i99pGdlDeWN8veB4iFdHgGXnrd-ffUfgaioKdrWZ2WI$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5GuzyDWgWwncr2GO3_26IWRwLONDr1sgQwpBacnltNLH= 4Dm5i99pGdlDeWN8veB4iFdHgGXnrd-ffUfgaioKqsPkdnY$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Sun Apr 19 19:12:11 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 191911
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    311 PM EDT Sun Apr 19 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Sun Apr 19 2026 - 12Z Mon Apr 20 2026

    The probability of rainfall exceeding flash flood guidance is less
    than 5 percent.

    Lack of instability should keep flash flood risk below Marginal
    Risk levels in southern Texas. Convection near the east coast of
    the Florida Peninsula also seems sub-Marginal.

    Tate

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Mon Apr 20 2026 - 12Z Tue Apr 21 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    NORTHERN CALIFORNIA...

    ...1930Z Update...

    The California Marginal Risk still looks in good shape, with the=20
    synoptic setup described below on track, and only minor changes per
    new models. Continue to watch for potential flooding concerns in=20 south-central Texas, but instability will be lacking through Day 2,
    limiting rain rates. However, 12Z hi-res CAMs are highlighting a=20
    west-east corridor of moderate rain that could be long lasting and=20 eventually pile up. If this does occur in the most sensitive areas=20
    of the Hill Country, some flooding could occur. Will consider this=20
    to be a less than 5 percent risk, but this bears watching.

    Tate

    ...Previous Discussion...

    ...Northern California...

    A large upper level cutoff low located off the coast will drift
    eastward into northern California on Monday. The cutoff low will
    not have a connection to the tropics, which will limit both amount
    of moisture and any instability that can be transported into
    northern California. Despite that, as is typical of cutoff lows,
    the movement will be slow, which could allow for an extended
    duration of light to moderate rainfall. That rain will impact an
    area that has burn scars, urban areas (Bay Area), and steep terrain
    which favors localized flash flooding. Thus, the Marginal Risk is
    left unchanged with this update.

    ...South Texas...

    The inherited Marginal Risk over a portion of this area was
    removed with this update, in coordination with CRP/Corpus Christi,
    TX, EWX/San Antonio, TX, and HGX/Houston, TX forecast offices. As
    on Day 1/Sunday, the limiting factor once again will be a true lack
    of instability, with MUCAPE values again struggling to exceed a
    couple hundred J/kg anywhere in Texas. Thus, despite above normal
    atmospheric moisture, and below normal forward motions for any
    cellular convection that does form, the high FFGs and limited
    rainfall rates should continue to prevent any flash flood
    development.

    Wegman

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Tue Apr 21 2026 - 12Z Wed Apr 22 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    CALIFORNIA AND SOUTHEAST TEXAS...

    ...1930Z Update...

    Similar reasoning is in place across California and Southeast Texas
    compared to the previous shift, so maintained very similar outlooks
    to the previous issuance. See below for details on the pattern.

    Tate

    ...Previous Discussion...

    ...California...

    A cutoff large upper level low over the coast Tuesday morning will
    progress east/inland through Tuesday night. This will direct the
    southwesterly onshore flow further south and east across central
    California. A pocket of instability with MUCAPE values as high as
    500 J/kg may move into central California during the day Tuesday as
    well. The primary forcing however will remain the steep slopes of
    the Sierras, where the greatest rainfall rates and amounts are
    expected. Due to the instability however, the more populous valley
    locations may also see periods of heavier rains, including across
    the Bay area and Sacramento. Burn scars and heavier rains into some
    of the coastal ranges and western Transverse Ranges could also
    result in localized flash flooding. Thus, the inherited Marginal
    risk was expanded south down the coast to Santa Barbara, while the
    Marginal in central California was left unchanged with this update.

    ...Southeast Texas...

    The Marginal Risk across southeast Texas was adjusted a bit to the
    northeast from inherited in keeping with the latest trends in the
    guidance, suggesting increased potential for heavier rains into the
    Houston area, and decreased potential around Corpus Christi. Unlike
    both Sunday and Monday, by Tuesday there's better agreement that
    the primary limiting factor, instability, will be less of a
    limiting factor. MUCAPE values are expected to rise above 1,000
    J/kg across much of the MRGL risk area. Somewhat more saturated
    soils in the Houston area as a result of yesterday's rains could
    also have some lingering effects into Tuesday. Thus, the inherited
    Marginal was left largely unchanged with this update.

    Wegman


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!7ReqPWus3ub2OioyxVCF-kDl8FuM20n8uYYgBBXWjiPa= AApIYZqicTH_MCyss-mPbWmRUl6qvDmUpZDJY0vXtNQNsYY$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!7ReqPWus3ub2OioyxVCF-kDl8FuM20n8uYYgBBXWjiPa= AApIYZqicTH_MCyss-mPbWmRUl6qvDmUpZDJY0vXjvoH-Ak$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!7ReqPWus3ub2OioyxVCF-kDl8FuM20n8uYYgBBXWjiPa= AApIYZqicTH_MCyss-mPbWmRUl6qvDmUpZDJY0vXvEf1JOc$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Mon Apr 20 00:04:49 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 200004
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    804 PM EDT Sun Apr 19 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 01Z Mon Apr 20 2026 - 12Z Mon Apr 20 2026

    The probability of rainfall exceeding flash flood guidance is less
    than 5 percent.

    Kleebauer


    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Mon Apr 20 2026 - 12Z Tue Apr 21 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    NORTHERN CALIFORNIA...

    ...1930Z Update...

    The California Marginal Risk still looks in good shape, with the
    synoptic setup described below on track, and only minor changes per
    new models. Continue to watch for potential flooding concerns in
    south-central Texas, but instability will be lacking through Day 2,
    limiting rain rates. However, 12Z hi-res CAMs are highlighting a
    west-east corridor of moderate rain that could be long lasting and
    eventually pile up. If this does occur in the most sensitive areas
    of the Hill Country, some flooding could occur. Will consider this
    to be a less than 5 percent risk, but this bears watching.

    Tate

    ...Previous Discussion...

    ...Northern California...

    A large upper level cutoff low located off the coast will drift
    eastward into northern California on Monday. The cutoff low will
    not have a connection to the tropics, which will limit both amount
    of moisture and any instability that can be transported into
    northern California. Despite that, as is typical of cutoff lows,
    the movement will be slow, which could allow for an extended
    duration of light to moderate rainfall. That rain will impact an
    area that has burn scars, urban areas (Bay Area), and steep terrain
    which favors localized flash flooding. Thus, the Marginal Risk is
    left unchanged with this update.

    ...South Texas...

    The inherited Marginal Risk over a portion of this area was
    removed with this update, in coordination with CRP/Corpus Christi,
    TX, EWX/San Antonio, TX, and HGX/Houston, TX forecast offices. As
    on Day 1/Sunday, the limiting factor once again will be a true lack
    of instability, with MUCAPE values again struggling to exceed a
    couple hundred J/kg anywhere in Texas. Thus, despite above normal
    atmospheric moisture, and below normal forward motions for any
    cellular convection that does form, the high FFGs and limited
    rainfall rates should continue to prevent any flash flood
    development.

    Wegman

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Tue Apr 21 2026 - 12Z Wed Apr 22 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    CALIFORNIA AND SOUTHEAST TEXAS...

    ...1930Z Update...

    Similar reasoning is in place across California and Southeast Texas
    compared to the previous shift, so maintained very similar outlooks
    to the previous issuance. See below for details on the pattern.

    Tate

    ...Previous Discussion...

    ...California...

    A cutoff large upper level low over the coast Tuesday morning will
    progress east/inland through Tuesday night. This will direct the
    southwesterly onshore flow further south and east across central
    California. A pocket of instability with MUCAPE values as high as
    500 J/kg may move into central California during the day Tuesday as
    well. The primary forcing however will remain the steep slopes of
    the Sierras, where the greatest rainfall rates and amounts are
    expected. Due to the instability however, the more populous valley
    locations may also see periods of heavier rains, including across
    the Bay area and Sacramento. Burn scars and heavier rains into some
    of the coastal ranges and western Transverse Ranges could also
    result in localized flash flooding. Thus, the inherited Marginal
    risk was expanded south down the coast to Santa Barbara, while the
    Marginal in central California was left unchanged with this update.

    ...Southeast Texas...

    The Marginal Risk across southeast Texas was adjusted a bit to the
    northeast from inherited in keeping with the latest trends in the
    guidance, suggesting increased potential for heavier rains into the
    Houston area, and decreased potential around Corpus Christi. Unlike
    both Sunday and Monday, by Tuesday there's better agreement that
    the primary limiting factor, instability, will be less of a
    limiting factor. MUCAPE values are expected to rise above 1,000
    J/kg across much of the MRGL risk area. Somewhat more saturated
    soils in the Houston area as a result of yesterday's rains could
    also have some lingering effects into Tuesday. Thus, the inherited
    Marginal was left largely unchanged with this update.

    Wegman


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5yMqbuaWqq00ISbyf0kYmEeoV-YB64ln5g5lxul4CbV2= V8x3Pjb0ivj57Hp8EmoY4QVhYXmWlZI2QnrPNOfplA3PU_g$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5yMqbuaWqq00ISbyf0kYmEeoV-YB64ln5g5lxul4CbV2= V8x3Pjb0ivj57Hp8EmoY4QVhYXmWlZI2QnrPNOfp8YXLM1A$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5yMqbuaWqq00ISbyf0kYmEeoV-YB64ln5g5lxul4CbV2= V8x3Pjb0ivj57Hp8EmoY4QVhYXmWlZI2QnrPNOfpdtf0t0g$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Mon Apr 20 08:04:14 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 200804
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    404 AM EDT Mon Apr 20 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 12Z Mon Apr 20 2026 - 12Z Tue Apr 21 2026

    ...THERE ARE MARGINAL RISKS FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    NORTHERN CALIFORNIA AND SOUTHCENTRAL TEXAS...

    ...Northern California...

    A large upper level cutoff low located off the coast will drift
    eastward into northern California today. The cutoff low will not=20
    have a connection to the tropics, which will limit both amount of=20
    moisture and any instability that can be transported into northern=20 California. Despite that, as is typical of cutoff lows, the=20
    movement will be slow, which could allow for an extended duration=20
    of light to moderate rainfall. That rain will impact an area that=20
    has burn scars, urban areas (Bay Area), and steep terrain which=20
    favors localized flash flooding. Thus, the Marginal Risk is left=20
    unchanged with this update.

    ...Southcentral Texas...

    A new Marginal Risk was reintroduced for a portion of Southcentral
    Texas with this update in coordination with EWX/San Antonio, TX
    forecast office. A subtle shortwave in the upper levels will add
    forcing to an already highly moist environment with relatively slow
    storm motions. Instability will be the primary limiting factor for
    heavy rainfall rates, but the shortwave is expected to overcome
    that instability a bit with the increased forcing. This solution is
    depicted in several of the CAMs, which show a series of training
    storms developing well after sundown, and tracking slowly eastward
    across Southcentral Texas. Many of those CAMs highlight the storms
    tracking right over the San Antonio metro area. The primary flash
    flooding threat involves urban concerns in the San Antonio metro
    Monday night.

    Wegman

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Tue Apr 21 2026 - 12Z Wed Apr 22 2026

    ...THERE ARE MARGINAL RISKS FOR EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    CALIFORNIA AND SOUTHEAST TEXAS...

    ...California...

    A cutoff large upper level low over the coast Tuesday morning will
    progress east/inland through Tuesday night. This will direct the
    southwesterly onshore flow further south and east across central
    California. A pocket of instability with MUCAPE values as high as
    500 J/kg may move into central California during the day Tuesday as
    well. The primary forcing however will remain the steep slopes of
    the Sierras, where the greatest rainfall rates and amounts are
    expected. Due to the instability however, the more populous valley
    locations may also see periods of heavier rains, including across
    the Bay area and Sacramento. Burn scars and heavier rains into some
    of the coastal ranges and western Transverse Ranges could also
    result in localized flash flooding. The forecast remains on track
    across California, and no changes were made. However, increases in
    forecast rainfall along the Sierras in the Central Valley may
    require a Slight Risk upgrade with future updates.

    ...Southeast Texas...

    The Marginal Risk across southeast Texas remains unchanged with
    this update. Onshore flow of deep Gulf moisture will advect across
    southeast Texas along the periphery of a large area of high
    pressure across the Southeast. MUCAPE values are expected to rise=20
    above 1,000 J/kg across much of the MRGL risk area. Slow-moving and
    training thunderstorms could cause isolated instances of flash
    flooding, especially in urban areas such as Houston.=20

    Wegman

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Wed Apr 22 2026 - 12Z Thu Apr 23 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    SOUTHEAST TEXAS AND SOUTHWEST LOUISIANA...

    Persistent onshore flow of deep Gulf moisture and instability will
    continue into southeast Texas and southwest Louisiana on Wednesday.
    This is a continuation of the moist, unstable flow off the Gulf
    from prior days, just drifted a bit to the east. Instability across
    this region continues to increase compared to prior days, with
    areas of over 2,000 J/kg in MUCAPE. Showers and thunderstorms will
    continue to move northwestward amidst the southeasterly flow off
    the Gulf. Urban areas such as Houston and Beaumont will have a
    higher threat of isolated flash flooding, which will occur where
    the storms with the heaviest rainfall rates are most persistent.

    Wegman


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5tcYiTL2Y1BYZUXCS7X3RnjzZn8yHZG_r8D6h4T_uSVI= p0ZnRx-lWtiop_8UiH9dOpoAufcZTIcdWEap7IxphLNvq50$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5tcYiTL2Y1BYZUXCS7X3RnjzZn8yHZG_r8D6h4T_uSVI= p0ZnRx-lWtiop_8UiH9dOpoAufcZTIcdWEap7IxpktJQ5e0$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5tcYiTL2Y1BYZUXCS7X3RnjzZn8yHZG_r8D6h4T_uSVI= p0ZnRx-lWtiop_8UiH9dOpoAufcZTIcdWEap7IxpnDfiCIo$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Mon Apr 20 15:54:16 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 201554
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    1154 AM EDT Mon Apr 20 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 12Z Mon Apr 20 2026 - 12Z Tue Apr 21 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF=20
    NORTHERN CALIFORNIA ALONG WITH CENTRAL TEXAS AND SOUTH FLORIDA...

    1600Z Update...

    The morning 12Z HREF guidance continues to support a threat for
    mainly elevated, but also rather efficient areas of convection
    impacting portions of the TX Hill Country and adjacent areas of
    south-central TX going through this afternoon and tonight. A
    combination of modest MUCAPE values of around 500 J/kg along with
    850/700 mb frontogenesis and some divergent flow aloft ahead of
    upstream shortwave energy/troughing should continue to support
    areas of locally repeating rounds of moderate to occasionally heavy
    rainfall. The early-morning RAP data shows a weak, slow-moving 500
    mb vort center over the TX Hill Country playing a role as well=20
    aside from the deeper layer modest ascent downstream of troughing
    over northwest Mexico and the Southwest U.S. The soil conditions
    are moistening up and locally some streamflows are more elevated
    after some of the heavy rainfall from last night, and this suggests
    some increasing instability that may foster a somewhat stronger
    concern for at least localized flash flooding going through this
    evening and overnight. The early-day CAMs and AI guidance suggests
    some locally concentrated areas of rainfall with some additional
    totals of as much as 2 to 3+ inches by Tuesday morning. As such,
    the Marginal Risk has been expanded a bit, and there is an outside
    chance that a targeted Slight Risk could be introduced given the=20
    relatively persistent nature of the rainfall.

    Only very minor mainly timing related adjustments were made to the
    Marginal Risk area over northern CA. A rather strong upper low
    offshore of the West Coast will edge east and drive a band of
    heavier rainfall tonight across northern CA, with generally low-end
    small stream and some localized urban flooding possible for the Bay
    Area and into the Sacramento Valley.

    A Marginal Risk was introduced to portions of southern Florida as=20
    a cold front will be dropping south and combining with localized=20
    seabreeze convergence for areas of heavy showers and thunderstorms.
    A combination of the 12Z HREF guidance along with recent HRRR and=20
    RRFS solutions suggests a localized potential for concentrated=20
    heavy rainfall along the I-95 corridor of southeast FL and also the
    southwest part of the state near and adjacent to the Naples area.=20
    Some pockets of 3 to 4+ inches will be possible which may favor an=20
    isolated urban flash flooding threat.

    Orrison

    Previous discussion...

    ...Northern California...

    A large upper level cutoff low located off the coast will drift
    eastward into northern California today. The cutoff low will not
    have a connection to the tropics, which will limit both amount of
    moisture and any instability that can be transported into northern
    California. Despite that, as is typical of cutoff lows, the
    movement will be slow, which could allow for an extended duration
    of light to moderate rainfall. That rain will impact an area that
    has burn scars, urban areas (Bay Area), and steep terrain which
    favors localized flash flooding. Thus, the Marginal Risk is left
    unchanged with this update.

    ...South-Central Texas...

    A new Marginal Risk was reintroduced for a portion of south-central
    Texas with this update in coordination with EWX/San Antonio, TX=20
    forecast office. A subtle shortwave in the upper levels will add=20
    forcing to an already highly moist environment with relatively slow
    storm motions. Instability will be the primary limiting factor for
    heavy rainfall rates, but the shortwave is expected to overcome=20
    that instability a bit with the increased forcing. This solution is
    depicted in several of the CAMs, which show a series of training=20
    storms developing well after sundown, and tracking slowly eastward=20
    across south-central Texas. Many of those CAMs highlight the=20
    storms tracking right over the San Antonio metro area. The primary=20
    flash flooding threat involves urban concerns in the San Antonio=20
    metro Monday night.

    Wegman

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Tue Apr 21 2026 - 12Z Wed Apr 22 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF=20
    CALIFORNIA AND SOUTHEAST TEXAS...

    ...California...

    A cutoff large upper level low over the coast Tuesday morning will
    progress east/inland through Tuesday night. This will direct the
    southwesterly onshore flow further south and east across central
    California. A pocket of instability with MUCAPE values as high as
    500 J/kg may move into central California during the day Tuesday as
    well. The primary forcing however will remain the steep slopes of
    the Sierras, where the greatest rainfall rates and amounts are
    expected. Due to the instability however, the more populous valley
    locations may also see periods of heavier rains, including across
    the Bay area and Sacramento. Burn scars and heavier rains into some
    of the coastal ranges and western Transverse Ranges could also
    result in localized flash flooding. The forecast remains on track
    across California, and no changes were made. However, increases in
    forecast rainfall along the Sierras in the Central Valley may
    require a Slight Risk upgrade with future updates.

    ...Southeast Texas...

    The Marginal Risk across southeast Texas remains unchanged with
    this update. Onshore flow of deep Gulf moisture will advect across
    southeast Texas along the periphery of a large area of high
    pressure across the Southeast. MUCAPE values are expected to rise
    above 1,000 J/kg across much of the MRGL risk area. Slow-moving and
    training thunderstorms could cause isolated instances of flash
    flooding, especially in urban areas such as Houston.

    Wegman

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Wed Apr 22 2026 - 12Z Thu Apr 23 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    SOUTHEAST TEXAS AND SOUTHWEST LOUISIANA...

    Persistent onshore flow of deep Gulf moisture and instability will
    continue into southeast Texas and southwest Louisiana on Wednesday.
    This is a continuation of the moist, unstable flow off the Gulf
    from prior days, just drifted a bit to the east. Instability across
    this region continues to increase compared to prior days, with
    areas of over 2,000 J/kg in MUCAPE. Showers and thunderstorms will
    continue to move northwestward amidst the southeasterly flow off
    the Gulf. Urban areas such as Houston and Beaumont will have a
    higher threat of isolated flash flooding, which will occur where
    the storms with the heaviest rainfall rates are most persistent.

    Wegman


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!_fDVkfg9aeQEwb_Q4xuR40fLYaHW9qYtb6HQX21j0mY4= M7fbRoh9RI9BtSSFiSJQzTE4v-sJ3ttH1wSzxw3D1VZWZRw$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!_fDVkfg9aeQEwb_Q4xuR40fLYaHW9qYtb6HQX21j0mY4= M7fbRoh9RI9BtSSFiSJQzTE4v-sJ3ttH1wSzxw3D8aBGiQU$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!_fDVkfg9aeQEwb_Q4xuR40fLYaHW9qYtb6HQX21j0mY4= M7fbRoh9RI9BtSSFiSJQzTE4v-sJ3ttH1wSzxw3Du25MjCk$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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    * Origin: Capitol City Online (1:2320/107)
  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Mon Apr 20 19:12:30 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 201912
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    312 PM EDT Mon Apr 20 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Mon Apr 20 2026 - 12Z Tue Apr 21 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    SOUTH-CENTRAL TEXAS INCLUDING PARTS OF THE HILL COUNTRY...

    1900Z Special Update...

    Very efficient and relatively concentrated areas of heavy showers
    and thunderstorms have been tending to expand in coverage across
    areas of south-central TX over the last couple of hours. Rainfall
    rates of up to 1.5 inches/hour have been noted with activity more
    recently in between the San Antonio and New Braunsfel vicinity, and
    is well aligned with a corridor of stronger 850/700 mb moisture=20
    convergence. Broadly diffuent aloft and modest instability coupled=20
    with some uptick in the low-level jet going into the evening hours=20
    suggests at least some potential corridors of persistent and=20
    focused convection with high rainfall rates. The latest CAMs=20
    generally are doing a poor job with the current activity. Given the
    satellite and radar trends, and the increasingly sensitive=20
    conditions on the ground near the Hill Country and adjacent areas=20
    of south-central TX, some areas of flash flooding will be possible.
    Potential for additional 2 to 4+ inch rainfall amounts will exist
    which will include additional rounds of heavy rainfall potential
    tonight. As a result, a Slight Risk of exceesive rainfall has been
    introduced for these areas.

    Orrison

    1600Z Update...

    The morning 12Z HREF guidance continues to support a threat for
    mainly elevated, but also rather efficient areas of convection
    impacting portions of the TX Hill Country and adjacent areas of
    south-central TX going through this afternoon and tonight. A
    combination of modest MUCAPE values of around 500 J/kg along with
    850/700 mb frontogenesis and some divergent flow aloft ahead of
    upstream shortwave energy/troughing should continue to support
    areas of locally repeating rounds of moderate to occasionally heavy
    rainfall. The early-morning RAP data shows a weak, slow-moving 500
    mb vort center over the TX Hill Country playing a role as well
    aside from the deeper layer modest ascent downstream of troughing
    over northwest Mexico and the Southwest U.S. The soil conditions
    are moistening up and locally some streamflows are more elevated
    after some of the heavy rainfall from last night, and this suggests
    some increasing instability that may foster a somewhat stronger
    concern for at least localized flash flooding going through this
    evening and overnight. The early-day CAMs and AI guidance suggests
    some locally concentrated areas of rainfall with some additional
    totals of as much as 2 to 3+ inches by Tuesday morning. As such,
    the Marginal Risk has been expanded a bit, and there is an outside
    chance that a targeted Slight Risk could be introduced given the
    relatively persistent nature of the rainfall.

    Only very minor mainly timing related adjustments were made to the
    Marginal Risk area over northern CA. A rather strong upper low
    offshore of the West Coast will edge east and drive a band of
    heavier rainfall tonight across northern CA, with generally low-end
    small stream and some localized urban flooding possible for the Bay
    Area and into the Sacramento Valley.

    A Marginal Risk was introduced to portions of southern Florida as
    a cold front will be dropping south and combining with localized
    seabreeze convergence for areas of heavy showers and thunderstorms.
    A combination of the 12Z HREF guidance along with recent HRRR and
    RRFS solutions suggests a localized potential for concentrated
    heavy rainfall along the I-95 corridor of southeast FL and also the
    southwest part of the state near and adjacent to the Naples area.
    Some pockets of 3 to 4+ inches will be possible which may favor an
    isolated urban flash flooding threat.

    Orrison

    Previous discussion...

    ...Northern California...

    A large upper level cutoff low located off the coast will drift
    eastward into northern California today. The cutoff low will not
    have a connection to the tropics, which will limit both amount of
    moisture and any instability that can be transported into northern
    California. Despite that, as is typical of cutoff lows, the
    movement will be slow, which could allow for an extended duration
    of light to moderate rainfall. That rain will impact an area that
    has burn scars, urban areas (Bay Area), and steep terrain which
    favors localized flash flooding. Thus, the Marginal Risk is left
    unchanged with this update.

    ...South-Central Texas...

    A new Marginal Risk was reintroduced for a portion of south-central
    Texas with this update in coordination with EWX/San Antonio, TX
    forecast office. A subtle shortwave in the upper levels will add
    forcing to an already highly moist environment with relatively slow
    storm motions. Instability will be the primary limiting factor for
    heavy rainfall rates, but the shortwave is expected to overcome
    that instability a bit with the increased forcing. This solution is
    depicted in several of the CAMs, which show a series of training
    storms developing well after sundown, and tracking slowly eastward
    across south-central Texas. Many of those CAMs highlight the
    storms tracking right over the San Antonio metro area. The primary
    flash flooding threat involves urban concerns in the San Antonio
    metro Monday night.

    Wegman


    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Tue Apr 21 2026 - 12Z Wed Apr 22 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    CALIFORNIA AND SOUTHEAST TEXAS...

    1900Z Update...

    Generally no changes to the previous thinking with the deep closed
    low/trough coming into CA. Locally heavy rains are expected for=20
    the coastal ranges and especially into the Sierra Nevada foothills=20
    where locally a few inches of rain will be likely for this period.=20
    Minimal changes were made to the Marginal Risk area here where
    localized urban flooding concerns and an isolated threat for burn
    scar flash flooding will exist.

    Meanwhile, the mid-level shortwave energy/troughing over central=20
    TX that will be gradually shifting eastward will not have much in=20
    the way of instability to work with for most of the period.
    However, the environment will be rather moist which coupled with=20
    low-level convergence near an inverted surface trough and at least
    modest DPVA aloft will support at least broken areas of heavy=20
    showers and thunderstorms. Relatively efficient rainfall processes
    may foster some heavy rainfall totals of locally 2 to 4 inches
    across southeast TX where the convection becomes more concentrated
    and slow-moving. Therefore, an isolated concern for runoff=20
    problems/flash flooding will exist which will mainly be urban in=20
    nature.

    Orrison

    Previous discussion...

    ...California...

    A cutoff large upper level low over the coast Tuesday morning will
    progress east/inland through Tuesday night. This will direct the
    southwesterly onshore flow further south and east across central
    California. A pocket of instability with MUCAPE values as high as
    500 J/kg may move into central California during the day Tuesday as
    well. The primary forcing however will remain the steep slopes of
    the Sierra Nevada, where the greatest rainfall rates and amounts=20
    are expected. Due to the instability however, the more populous=20
    valley locations may also see periods of heavier rains, including=20
    across the Bay area and Sacramento. Burn scars and heavier rains=20
    into some of the coastal ranges and western Transverse Ranges could
    also result in localized flash flooding. The forecast remains on=20
    track across California, and no changes were made. However,=20
    increases in forecast rainfall along the Sierra Nevada in the=20
    Central Valley may require a Slight Risk upgrade with future=20
    updates.

    ...Southeast Texas...

    The Marginal Risk across southeast Texas remains unchanged with
    this update. Onshore flow of deep Gulf moisture will advect across
    southeast Texas along the periphery of a large area of high
    pressure across the Southeast. MUCAPE values are expected to rise
    above 1,000 J/kg across much of the MRGL risk area. Slow-moving and
    training thunderstorms could cause isolated instances of flash
    flooding, especially in urban areas such as Houston.

    Wegman


    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Wed Apr 22 2026 - 12Z Thu Apr 23 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    SOUTHEAST TEXAS AND SOUTHWEST LOUISIANA...

    1900Z Update...

    Some modest eastward adjustment to the Marginal Risk area was
    accommodated for this update given some slightly more progressive
    trends (especially with the AI guidance) concerning the gradually
    ejecting shortwave energy across the region. Interaction with a
    fairly well-defined plume/nose of moisture and instability off the
    Gulf may favor some locally concentrated areas of heavy showers and thunderstorms across area near the Upper TX Coast and southwest LA.
    FFG values are generally pretty high, but there will be pockets of
    slow-moving storms capable of producing high rainfall rates that=20
    may exceed 2 inches/hour. This would pose a concern for the more
    urbanized locations for some runoff problems.

    Orrison

    Previous discussion...

    Persistent onshore flow of deep Gulf moisture and instability will
    continue into southeast Texas and southwest Louisiana on Wednesday.
    This is a continuation of the moist, unstable flow off the Gulf
    from prior days, just drifted a bit to the east. Instability across
    this region continues to increase compared to prior days, with
    areas of over 2,000 J/kg in MUCAPE. Showers and thunderstorms will
    continue to move northwestward amidst the southeasterly flow off
    the Gulf. Urban areas such as Houston and Beaumont will have a
    higher threat of isolated flash flooding, which will occur where
    the storms with the heaviest rainfall rates are most persistent.

    Wegman


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!-TfkTz4ZB2dDFkpwuHD5geNvV8whd9NgY1wav27DoOKu= P5rj556eNTlEklbRGcUIeHAEflLnbZbv_X1jDll8t4CrbmE$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!-TfkTz4ZB2dDFkpwuHD5geNvV8whd9NgY1wav27DoOKu= P5rj556eNTlEklbRGcUIeHAEflLnbZbv_X1jDll8EQRjU58$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!-TfkTz4ZB2dDFkpwuHD5geNvV8whd9NgY1wav27DoOKu= P5rj556eNTlEklbRGcUIeHAEflLnbZbv_X1jDll8QTz_iKg$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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    --- SBBSecho 3.28-Linux
    * Origin: Capitol City Online (1:2320/107)
  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Mon Apr 20 19:14:52 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 201914
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    314 PM EDT Mon Apr 20 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Mon Apr 20 2026 - 12Z Tue Apr 21 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    SOUTH-CENTRAL TEXAS INCLUDING PARTS OF THE HILL COUNTRY...

    1900Z Special Update...

    Very efficient and relatively concentrated areas of heavy showers
    and thunderstorms have been tending to expand in coverage across
    areas of south-central TX over the last couple of hours. Rainfall
    rates of up to 1.5 inches/hour have been noted with activity more
    recently in between the San Antonio and New Braunfels vicinity,=20
    and is well aligned with a corridor of stronger 850/700 mb moisture convergence. Broadly diffluent aloft and modest instability=20
    coupled with some uptick in the low-level jet going into the=20
    evening hours suggests at least some potential corridors of=20
    persistent and focused convection with high rainfall rates. The=20
    latest CAMs generally are doing a poor job with the current=20
    activity. Given the satellite and radar trends, and the=20
    increasingly sensitive conditions on the ground near the Hill=20
    Country and adjacent areas of south-central TX, some areas of flash
    flooding will be possible. Potential for additional 2 to 4+ inch=20
    rainfall amounts will exist which will include additional rounds of
    heavy rainfall potential tonight. As a result, a Slight Risk of=20
    excessive rainfall has been introduced for these areas.

    Orrison

    1600Z Update...

    The morning 12Z HREF guidance continues to support a threat for
    mainly elevated, but also rather efficient areas of convection
    impacting portions of the TX Hill Country and adjacent areas of
    south-central TX going through this afternoon and tonight. A
    combination of modest MUCAPE values of around 500 J/kg along with
    850/700 mb frontogenesis and some divergent flow aloft ahead of
    upstream shortwave energy/troughing should continue to support
    areas of locally repeating rounds of moderate to occasionally heavy
    rainfall. The early-morning RAP data shows a weak, slow-moving 500
    mb vort center over the TX Hill Country playing a role as well
    aside from the deeper layer modest ascent downstream of troughing
    over northwest Mexico and the Southwest U.S. The soil conditions
    are moistening up and locally some streamflows are more elevated
    after some of the heavy rainfall from last night, and this suggests
    some increasing instability that may foster a somewhat stronger
    concern for at least localized flash flooding going through this
    evening and overnight. The early-day CAMs and AI guidance suggests
    some locally concentrated areas of rainfall with some additional
    totals of as much as 2 to 3+ inches by Tuesday morning. As such,
    the Marginal Risk has been expanded a bit, and there is an outside
    chance that a targeted Slight Risk could be introduced given the
    relatively persistent nature of the rainfall.

    Only very minor mainly timing related adjustments were made to the
    Marginal Risk area over northern CA. A rather strong upper low
    offshore of the West Coast will edge east and drive a band of
    heavier rainfall tonight across northern CA, with generally low-end
    small stream and some localized urban flooding possible for the Bay
    Area and into the Sacramento Valley.

    A Marginal Risk was introduced to portions of southern Florida as
    a cold front will be dropping south and combining with localized
    seabreeze convergence for areas of heavy showers and thunderstorms.
    A combination of the 12Z HREF guidance along with recent HRRR and
    RRFS solutions suggests a localized potential for concentrated
    heavy rainfall along the I-95 corridor of southeast FL and also the
    southwest part of the state near and adjacent to the Naples area.
    Some pockets of 3 to 4+ inches will be possible which may favor an
    isolated urban flash flooding threat.

    Orrison

    Previous discussion...

    ...Northern California...

    A large upper level cutoff low located off the coast will drift
    eastward into northern California today. The cutoff low will not
    have a connection to the tropics, which will limit both amount of
    moisture and any instability that can be transported into northern
    California. Despite that, as is typical of cutoff lows, the
    movement will be slow, which could allow for an extended duration
    of light to moderate rainfall. That rain will impact an area that
    has burn scars, urban areas (Bay Area), and steep terrain which
    favors localized flash flooding. Thus, the Marginal Risk is left
    unchanged with this update.

    ...South-Central Texas...

    A new Marginal Risk was reintroduced for a portion of south-central
    Texas with this update in coordination with EWX/San Antonio, TX
    forecast office. A subtle shortwave in the upper levels will add
    forcing to an already highly moist environment with relatively slow
    storm motions. Instability will be the primary limiting factor for
    heavy rainfall rates, but the shortwave is expected to overcome
    that instability a bit with the increased forcing. This solution is
    depicted in several of the CAMs, which show a series of training
    storms developing well after sundown, and tracking slowly eastward
    across south-central Texas. Many of those CAMs highlight the
    storms tracking right over the San Antonio metro area. The primary
    flash flooding threat involves urban concerns in the San Antonio
    metro Monday night.

    Wegman


    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Tue Apr 21 2026 - 12Z Wed Apr 22 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    CALIFORNIA AND SOUTHEAST TEXAS...

    1900Z Update...

    Generally no changes to the previous thinking with the deep closed
    low/trough coming into CA. Locally heavy rains are expected for
    the coastal ranges and especially into the Sierra Nevada foothills
    where locally a few inches of rain will be likely for this period.
    Minimal changes were made to the Marginal Risk area here where
    localized urban flooding concerns and an isolated threat for burn
    scar flash flooding will exist.

    Meanwhile, the mid-level shortwave energy/troughing over central
    TX that will be gradually shifting eastward will not have much in
    the way of instability to work with for most of the period.
    However, the environment will be rather moist which coupled with
    low-level convergence near an inverted surface trough and at least
    modest DPVA aloft will support at least broken areas of heavy
    showers and thunderstorms. Relatively efficient rainfall processes
    may foster some heavy rainfall totals of locally 2 to 4 inches
    across southeast TX where the convection becomes more concentrated
    and slow-moving. Therefore, an isolated concern for runoff
    problems/flash flooding will exist which will mainly be urban in
    nature.

    Orrison

    Previous discussion...

    ...California...

    A cutoff large upper level low over the coast Tuesday morning will
    progress east/inland through Tuesday night. This will direct the
    southwesterly onshore flow further south and east across central
    California. A pocket of instability with MUCAPE values as high as
    500 J/kg may move into central California during the day Tuesday as
    well. The primary forcing however will remain the steep slopes of
    the Sierra Nevada, where the greatest rainfall rates and amounts
    are expected. Due to the instability however, the more populous
    valley locations may also see periods of heavier rains, including
    across the Bay area and Sacramento. Burn scars and heavier rains
    into some of the coastal ranges and western Transverse Ranges could
    also result in localized flash flooding. The forecast remains on
    track across California, and no changes were made. However,
    increases in forecast rainfall along the Sierra Nevada in the
    Central Valley may require a Slight Risk upgrade with future
    updates.

    ...Southeast Texas...

    The Marginal Risk across southeast Texas remains unchanged with
    this update. Onshore flow of deep Gulf moisture will advect across
    southeast Texas along the periphery of a large area of high
    pressure across the Southeast. MUCAPE values are expected to rise
    above 1,000 J/kg across much of the MRGL risk area. Slow-moving and
    training thunderstorms could cause isolated instances of flash
    flooding, especially in urban areas such as Houston.

    Wegman


    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Wed Apr 22 2026 - 12Z Thu Apr 23 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    SOUTHEAST TEXAS AND SOUTHWEST LOUISIANA...

    1900Z Update...

    Some modest eastward adjustment to the Marginal Risk area was
    accommodated for this update given some slightly more progressive
    trends (especially with the AI guidance) concerning the gradually
    ejecting shortwave energy across the region. Interaction with a
    fairly well-defined plume/nose of moisture and instability off the
    Gulf may favor some locally concentrated areas of heavy showers and thunderstorms across area near the Upper TX Coast and southwest LA.
    FFG values are generally pretty high, but there will be pockets of
    slow-moving storms capable of producing high rainfall rates that
    may exceed 2 inches/hour. This would pose a concern for the more
    urbanized locations for some runoff problems.

    Orrison

    Previous discussion...

    Persistent onshore flow of deep Gulf moisture and instability will
    continue into southeast Texas and southwest Louisiana on Wednesday.
    This is a continuation of the moist, unstable flow off the Gulf
    from prior days, just drifted a bit to the east. Instability across
    this region continues to increase compared to prior days, with
    areas of over 2,000 J/kg in MUCAPE. Showers and thunderstorms will
    continue to move northwestward amidst the southeasterly flow off
    the Gulf. Urban areas such as Houston and Beaumont will have a
    higher threat of isolated flash flooding, which will occur where
    the storms with the heaviest rainfall rates are most persistent.

    Wegman


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!7M_r7jx_5U2S86OJjqJFzNvJaciYYtfjFwctqVU08caT= LHxG583xa-8DCILZJ8RBO6lwDYeifHjpT6vNfTRLRtLQ0O8$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!7M_r7jx_5U2S86OJjqJFzNvJaciYYtfjFwctqVU08caT= LHxG583xa-8DCILZJ8RBO6lwDYeifHjpT6vNfTRL1Eh-vAs$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!7M_r7jx_5U2S86OJjqJFzNvJaciYYtfjFwctqVU08caT= LHxG583xa-8DCILZJ8RBO6lwDYeifHjpT6vNfTRLLSPqnYk$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Tue Apr 21 00:39:57 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 210039
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    839 PM EDT Mon Apr 20 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 01Z Tue Apr 21 2026 - 12Z Tue Apr 21 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    SOUTH-CENTRAL TEXAS INCLUDING PARTS OF THE HILL COUNTRY...

    01Z Update: Maintained the SLGT risk across south-central TX with
    emphasis on the I-35 corridor between Austin and San Antonio.
    Regional mesonet networks and several PWS stations across the area
    between New Braunfels and San Antonio came in with a 3-6" marker
    due to persistent, training convection that materialized this
    afternoon. The overall pattern is conducive for one more round of
    heavy precip potential, mainly due to the approach of a shortwave
    ejection out of Coahuila that will propagate across the central=20
    Rio Grande and migrate through Hill Country and points east through
    the overnight. The confluent area situated across central TX was a
    key component of the flash flood threat this afternoon and that=20
    axis of low-level convergence will stick around for at least=20
    another 6-8 hrs. before the pattern shifts further to the east-=20
    northeast as the surface ridge across the Southeast CONUS breaks=20
    down enough to warrant a re-positioning of the western flank of the
    surface high.=20

    The latest HRRR has been handling the shortwave ejection the best=20
    of all the prevalent CAMs this evening, albeit the magnitudes of=20
    rainfall have been less pronounced compared to observation. This=20
    allows for some confidence in the spatial coverage anticipated this
    evening for convection, but the intensity is likely under-done, to
    a degree. Areas of additional 1-2", locally higher totals are=20
    anticipated across the area extending from I-10 west of San Antonio
    up through New Braunfels this evening with the highest flash flood
    threat overlapping the area between KEWX down to San Antonio=20
    proper due to the ongoing flooding in the region, and the=20
    urbanization factors along the I-35 corridor that are prone to run=20
    off. This allowed for a continuation of the SLGT risk from earlier,
    but with a smaller areal coverage of the risk itself.=20

    Across CA, rainfall continues with the highest IVT advection
    signature likely occurring overnight along the coastal areas from
    Monterrey up through the Bay area. The prospects for flash flooding
    remain pretty low, generally 5%, but with the best IVT pulse
    forecast tonight, didn't want to deviate too much from the previous
    forecast, so maintained continuity.=20

    Kleebauer


    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Tue Apr 21 2026 - 12Z Wed Apr 22 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    CALIFORNIA AND SOUTHEAST TEXAS...

    1900Z Update...

    Generally no changes to the previous thinking with the deep closed
    low/trough coming into CA. Locally heavy rains are expected for
    the coastal ranges and especially into the Sierra Nevada foothills
    where locally a few inches of rain will be likely for this period.
    Minimal changes were made to the Marginal Risk area here where
    localized urban flooding concerns and an isolated threat for burn
    scar flash flooding will exist.

    Meanwhile, the mid-level shortwave energy/troughing over central
    TX that will be gradually shifting eastward will not have much in
    the way of instability to work with for most of the period.
    However, the environment will be rather moist which coupled with
    low-level convergence near an inverted surface trough and at least
    modest DPVA aloft will support at least broken areas of heavy
    showers and thunderstorms. Relatively efficient rainfall processes
    may foster some heavy rainfall totals of locally 2 to 4 inches
    across southeast TX where the convection becomes more concentrated
    and slow-moving. Therefore, an isolated concern for runoff
    problems/flash flooding will exist which will mainly be urban in
    nature.

    Orrison

    Previous discussion...

    ...California...

    A cutoff large upper level low over the coast Tuesday morning will
    progress east/inland through Tuesday night. This will direct the
    southwesterly onshore flow further south and east across central
    California. A pocket of instability with MUCAPE values as high as
    500 J/kg may move into central California during the day Tuesday as
    well. The primary forcing however will remain the steep slopes of
    the Sierra Nevada, where the greatest rainfall rates and amounts
    are expected. Due to the instability however, the more populous
    valley locations may also see periods of heavier rains, including
    across the Bay area and Sacramento. Burn scars and heavier rains
    into some of the coastal ranges and western Transverse Ranges could
    also result in localized flash flooding. The forecast remains on
    track across California, and no changes were made. However,
    increases in forecast rainfall along the Sierra Nevada in the
    Central Valley may require a Slight Risk upgrade with future
    updates.

    ...Southeast Texas...

    The Marginal Risk across southeast Texas remains unchanged with
    this update. Onshore flow of deep Gulf moisture will advect across
    southeast Texas along the periphery of a large area of high
    pressure across the Southeast. MUCAPE values are expected to rise
    above 1,000 J/kg across much of the MRGL risk area. Slow-moving and
    training thunderstorms could cause isolated instances of flash
    flooding, especially in urban areas such as Houston.

    Wegman


    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Wed Apr 22 2026 - 12Z Thu Apr 23 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    SOUTHEAST TEXAS AND SOUTHWEST LOUISIANA...

    1900Z Update...

    Some modest eastward adjustment to the Marginal Risk area was
    accommodated for this update given some slightly more progressive
    trends (especially with the AI guidance) concerning the gradually
    ejecting shortwave energy across the region. Interaction with a
    fairly well-defined plume/nose of moisture and instability off the
    Gulf may favor some locally concentrated areas of heavy showers and thunderstorms across area near the Upper TX Coast and southwest LA.
    FFG values are generally pretty high, but there will be pockets of
    slow-moving storms capable of producing high rainfall rates that
    may exceed 2 inches/hour. This would pose a concern for the more
    urbanized locations for some runoff problems.

    Orrison

    Previous discussion...

    Persistent onshore flow of deep Gulf moisture and instability will
    continue into southeast Texas and southwest Louisiana on Wednesday.
    This is a continuation of the moist, unstable flow off the Gulf
    from prior days, just drifted a bit to the east. Instability across
    this region continues to increase compared to prior days, with
    areas of over 2,000 J/kg in MUCAPE. Showers and thunderstorms will
    continue to move northwestward amidst the southeasterly flow off
    the Gulf. Urban areas such as Houston and Beaumont will have a
    higher threat of isolated flash flooding, which will occur where
    the storms with the heaviest rainfall rates are most persistent.

    Wegman


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!76qF1FJN8aEDAdtiKHraiweBemshnFccFGJ78uge7xhK= IPmzbTTddEnXgcAl4AHp5ZmP_suqbKVkRiJBB-L8Gz-1CwQ$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!76qF1FJN8aEDAdtiKHraiweBemshnFccFGJ78uge7xhK= IPmzbTTddEnXgcAl4AHp5ZmP_suqbKVkRiJBB-L8qV66Ghc$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!76qF1FJN8aEDAdtiKHraiweBemshnFccFGJ78uge7xhK= IPmzbTTddEnXgcAl4AHp5ZmP_suqbKVkRiJBB-L8elmSrDY$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Tue Apr 21 07:57:37 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 210757
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    357 AM EDT Tue Apr 21 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 12Z Tue Apr 21 2026 - 12Z Wed Apr 22 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    CALIFORNIA AND TEXAS...

    ...California...

    A cutoff large upper level low moving into California this morning
    will continue to spread low-elevation rain and high elevation snow
    into much of the West Coast states through tonight. Southwesterly
    onshore flow ahead of this low is driving a plume of rainfall
    northward up the coast. Some instability will allow for convective
    elements to support cells with heavier rainfall within the broader
    rain plume. This instability may allow the heavier rains to impact
    urban areas such as San Francisco, Sacramento on up towards
    Seattle. In addition to these urban concerns, steep upslope against
    the Sierra Nevada range will support multiple inches of=20
    precipitation into the mountains. While the highest elevations
    could see as much as 2 feet of snow, much of the lower elevations
    could pick up 2-4 inches of new rainfall, which will quickly flow
    into the Central Valley. The inherited Marginal captures the
    isolated potential for flash flooding due to both urban concerns
    and heavy rainfall being quickly directed into steep valleys
    draining the Sierra Nevada. No changes were needed to the inherited
    Marginal Risk area.

    ...Texas...

    A plume of rain moving across eastern Texas is the result of deep
    Gulf moisture advecting northward off the western Gulf ahead of a
    series of weak upper level disturbances moving across Texas. These
    disturbances are supporting the broader plume of light rain and
    where the forcing is greatest, supporting locally heavier rainfall
    rates. Guidance has come into enough agreement about the potential
    for locally heavy rain associated with slow-moving cells impacting
    portions of eastern Texas as far north as the Metroplex. Thus,
    given the lower FFGs associated with the large urban area
    constituting the Metroplex, the Marginal has been expanded north to
    cover the Triangle to include the Dallas-Fort Worth metro.
    Nonetheless, with more moisture and a bit more instability, the
    threat for heavy rain capable of producing isolated instances of
    flash flooding should hold closer to I-10.

    Wegman

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Wed Apr 22 2026 - 12Z Thu Apr 23 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE UPPER TEXAS COAST AND SOUTHWESTERN LOUISIANA...

    Only minor tweaks were made to the inherited Marginal Risk area
    across far southeastern Texas (upper Texas Coast) and southwestern
    Louisiana. Steady southerly flow off the Gulf will continue to
    advect a plume of Gulf moisture northward across the Marginal Risk
    area. The flow will not be much to write home about, generally
    between 5-15 kts at 850 mb. In addition to the rather weak
    advection, it's notable that unlike Day 1/Tuesday, the upper levels
    will become decidedly less favorable for widespread rain across the
    region as ridging and associated subsidence builds in. Thus, there
    is good agreement that any heavy rains will be disorganized and
    widely scattered in nature, as compared with the rains further west
    across Texas the past couple days. Urban concerns remain a driving
    factor for maintaining the Marginal, which appears to be a lower-
    end risk.=20

    Wegman

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Thu Apr 23 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 24 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE LOWER MISSOURI AND MID-MISSISSIPPI VALLEYS...

    A plume of moisture originating from the Gulf will advect moisture
    and instability northward into the Missouri and Mississippi Valleys
    on Thursday. Meanwhile, a strong cold front emanating from a deep
    low over the northern Plains will sweep eastward across the same
    region. Where these two competing air masses meet, most likely in
    the Marginal Risk area, expect widespread development of showers
    and thunderstorms. The greatest clashes are expected after sunset
    Thursday night, as the low level jet advecting the moisture and
    instability strengthens with the normal diurnal cycle. As that=20
    warm, moist air collides with the cold front, it will stall the=20
    latter's southward progress, creating an east-west boundary, likely
    starting around the Kansas/Missouri border well south of Kansas=20
    City, then expanding eastward with the front. Ozarks topography=20
    will likely also support locally heavier rainfall on the south-
    facing slopes as well. Guidance is in very poor agreement as to=20
    exactly where and when this clash of air masses will occur, with=20
    the above-described scenario seemingly the most likely solution=20
    based on an ensemble of the guidance. Should the guidance come into
    better agreement with strength and timing of the heaviest rainfall
    with future updates, a Slight Risk may need to be considered. The=20
    still full rivers and saturated soils across southeast Kansas and=20
    southwest Missouri from recent heavy rainfall events will=20
    contribute to more widely scattered instances of flash flooding=20
    should the heaviest rainfall occur over this region.

    Wegman


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!7yqWep7dvqA7sQGtlEhhIZLUQ8pOYWw3sUk9dmOl2WcQ= p1wiDormYjXv-J9Cuw--eKxN4wAVYGi1gkwxXI5ucClv8vU$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!7yqWep7dvqA7sQGtlEhhIZLUQ8pOYWw3sUk9dmOl2WcQ= p1wiDormYjXv-J9Cuw--eKxN4wAVYGi1gkwxXI5uXXQ2lPo$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!7yqWep7dvqA7sQGtlEhhIZLUQ8pOYWw3sUk9dmOl2WcQ= p1wiDormYjXv-J9Cuw--eKxN4wAVYGi1gkwxXI5uxFPlfac$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Tue Apr 21 15:56:53 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 211556
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    1156 AM EDT Tue Apr 21 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Tue Apr 21 2026 - 12Z Wed Apr 22 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    CALIFORNIA AND TEXAS...

    ...California...

    16Z update... Steady onshore will maintain rainfall across the
    region during this period with rates intermittently pulsing up to
    1.25 inches/hour as it nears the Sierra Nevada Range. A couple of
    the CAM guidance is depicting isolated maximums up to 5.5 inches.
    No changes were made to the Marginal Risk area.

    Campbell

    A cutoff large upper level low moving into California this morning
    will continue to spread low-elevation rain and high elevation snow
    into much of the West Coast states through tonight. Southwesterly
    onshore flow ahead of this low is driving a plume of rainfall
    northward up the coast. Some instability will allow for convective
    elements to support cells with heavier rainfall within the broader
    rain plume. This instability may allow the heavier rains to impact
    urban areas such as San Francisco, Sacramento on up towards
    Seattle. In addition to these urban concerns, steep upslope against
    the Sierra Nevada range will support multiple inches of
    precipitation into the mountains. While the highest elevations
    could see as much as 2 feet of snow, much of the lower elevations
    could pick up 2-4 inches of new rainfall, which will quickly flow
    into the Central Valley. The inherited Marginal captures the
    isolated potential for flash flooding due to both urban concerns
    and heavy rainfall being quickly directed into steep valleys
    draining the Sierra Nevada. No changes were needed to the inherited
    Marginal Risk area.

    ...Texas...

    16Z update... The Marginal Risk remains in good standing as it
    covers the locations with potential for excessive rainfall. Hourly
    rates up to 1 inch/hour expected with the weak disturbances as they
    pass through; with areal averages of 1 to 3 inches. Neighborhood
    probabilities do suggest an isolated potential (1-5 percent) for 5
    inches to occur.

    Campbell

    A plume of rain moving across eastern Texas is the result of deep
    Gulf moisture advecting northward off the western Gulf ahead of a
    series of weak upper level disturbances moving across Texas. These
    disturbances are supporting the broader plume of light rain and
    where the forcing is greatest, supporting locally heavier rainfall
    rates. Guidance has come into enough agreement about the potential
    for locally heavy rain associated with slow-moving cells impacting
    portions of eastern Texas as far north as the Metroplex. Thus,
    given the lower FFGs associated with the large urban area
    constituting the Metroplex, the Marginal has been expanded north to
    cover the Triangle to include the Dallas-Fort Worth metro.
    Nonetheless, with more moisture and a bit more instability, the
    threat for heavy rain capable of producing isolated instances of
    flash flooding should hold closer to I-10.

    Wegman

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Wed Apr 22 2026 - 12Z Thu Apr 23 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE UPPER TEXAS COAST AND SOUTHWESTERN LOUISIANA...

    Only minor tweaks were made to the inherited Marginal Risk area
    across far southeastern Texas (upper Texas Coast) and southwestern
    Louisiana. Steady southerly flow off the Gulf will continue to
    advect a plume of Gulf moisture northward across the Marginal Risk
    area. The flow will not be much to write home about, generally
    between 5-15 kts at 850 mb. In addition to the rather weak
    advection, it's notable that unlike Day 1/Tuesday, the upper levels
    will become decidedly less favorable for widespread rain across the
    region as ridging and associated subsidence builds in. Thus, there
    is good agreement that any heavy rains will be disorganized and
    widely scattered in nature, as compared with the rains further west
    across Texas the past couple days. Urban concerns remain a driving
    factor for maintaining the Marginal, which appears to be a lower-
    end risk.

    Wegman

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Thu Apr 23 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 24 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE LOWER MISSOURI AND MID-MISSISSIPPI VALLEYS...

    A plume of moisture originating from the Gulf will advect moisture
    and instability northward into the Missouri and Mississippi Valleys
    on Thursday. Meanwhile, a strong cold front emanating from a deep
    low over the northern Plains will sweep eastward across the same
    region. Where these two competing air masses meet, most likely in
    the Marginal Risk area, expect widespread development of showers
    and thunderstorms. The greatest clashes are expected after sunset
    Thursday night, as the low level jet advecting the moisture and
    instability strengthens with the normal diurnal cycle. As that
    warm, moist air collides with the cold front, it will stall the
    latter's southward progress, creating an east-west boundary, likely
    starting around the Kansas/Missouri border well south of Kansas
    City, then expanding eastward with the front. Ozarks topography
    will likely also support locally heavier rainfall on the south-
    facing slopes as well. Guidance is in very poor agreement as to
    exactly where and when this clash of air masses will occur, with
    the above-described scenario seemingly the most likely solution
    based on an ensemble of the guidance. Should the guidance come into
    better agreement with strength and timing of the heaviest rainfall
    with future updates, a Slight Risk may need to be considered. The
    still full rivers and saturated soils across southeast Kansas and
    southwest Missouri from recent heavy rainfall events will
    contribute to more widely scattered instances of flash flooding
    should the heaviest rainfall occur over this region.

    Wegman


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!9U7-UeOimtmHa8Bxokv42nluo0mmPv1YWPJDpHMu4l5O= OlBSM1AZr_OSuvoEqRjj1eKlNIPXbLHhXFObuiXOOUlP1Uw$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!9U7-UeOimtmHa8Bxokv42nluo0mmPv1YWPJDpHMu4l5O= OlBSM1AZr_OSuvoEqRjj1eKlNIPXbLHhXFObuiXOdMJ0swU$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!9U7-UeOimtmHa8Bxokv42nluo0mmPv1YWPJDpHMu4l5O= OlBSM1AZr_OSuvoEqRjj1eKlNIPXbLHhXFObuiXOWtKsJOM$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Tue Apr 21 19:43:45 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 211943
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    343 PM EDT Tue Apr 21 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Tue Apr 21 2026 - 12Z Wed Apr 22 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    CALIFORNIA AND TEXAS...

    ...California...

    16Z update... Steady onshore will maintain rainfall across the
    region during this period with rates intermittently pulsing up to
    1.25 inches/hour as it nears the Sierra Nevada Range. A couple of
    the CAM guidance is depicting isolated maximums up to 5.5 inches.
    No changes were made to the Marginal Risk area.

    Campbell

    A cutoff large upper level low moving into California this morning
    will continue to spread low-elevation rain and high elevation snow
    into much of the West Coast states through tonight. Southwesterly
    onshore flow ahead of this low is driving a plume of rainfall
    northward up the coast. Some instability will allow for convective
    elements to support cells with heavier rainfall within the broader
    rain plume. This instability may allow the heavier rains to impact
    urban areas such as San Francisco, Sacramento on up towards
    Seattle. In addition to these urban concerns, steep upslope against
    the Sierra Nevada range will support multiple inches of
    precipitation into the mountains. While the highest elevations
    could see as much as 2 feet of snow, much of the lower elevations
    could pick up 2-4 inches of new rainfall, which will quickly flow
    into the Central Valley. The inherited Marginal captures the
    isolated potential for flash flooding due to both urban concerns
    and heavy rainfall being quickly directed into steep valleys
    draining the Sierra Nevada. No changes were needed to the inherited
    Marginal Risk area.

    ...Texas...

    16Z update... The Marginal Risk remains in good standing as it
    covers the locations with potential for excessive rainfall. Hourly
    rates up to 1 inch/hour expected with the weak disturbances as they
    pass through; with areal averages of 1 to 3 inches. Neighborhood
    probabilities do suggest an isolated potential (1-5 percent) for 5
    inches to occur.

    Campbell

    A plume of rain moving across eastern Texas is the result of deep
    Gulf moisture advecting northward off the western Gulf ahead of a
    series of weak upper level disturbances moving across Texas. These
    disturbances are supporting the broader plume of light rain and
    where the forcing is greatest, supporting locally heavier rainfall
    rates. Guidance has come into enough agreement about the potential
    for locally heavy rain associated with slow-moving cells impacting
    portions of eastern Texas as far north as the Metroplex. Thus,
    given the lower FFGs associated with the large urban area
    constituting the Metroplex, the Marginal has been expanded north to
    cover the Triangle to include the Dallas-Fort Worth metro.
    Nonetheless, with more moisture and a bit more instability, the
    threat for heavy rain capable of producing isolated instances of
    flash flooding should hold closer to I-10.

    Wegman

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Wed Apr 22 2026 - 12Z Thu Apr 23 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE UPPER TEXAS COAST AND SOUTHWESTERN LOUISIANA...

    21Z update... A very small adjustment was made to the western
    boundary of the Marginal across eastern Texas to reflect the latest
    trends and WPC QPF.

    Campbell

    Only minor tweaks were made to the inherited Marginal Risk area
    across far southeastern Texas (upper Texas Coast) and southwestern
    Louisiana. Steady southerly flow off the Gulf will continue to
    advect a plume of Gulf moisture northward across the Marginal Risk
    area. The flow will not be much to write home about, generally
    between 5-15 kts at 850 mb. In addition to the rather weak
    advection, it's notable that unlike Day 1/Tuesday, the upper levels
    will become decidedly less favorable for widespread rain across the
    region as ridging and associated subsidence builds in. Thus, there
    is good agreement that any heavy rains will be disorganized and
    widely scattered in nature, as compared with the rains further west
    across Texas the past couple days. Urban concerns remain a driving
    factor for maintaining the Marginal, which appears to be a lower-
    end risk.

    Wegman

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Thu Apr 23 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 24 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE LOWER MISSOURI AND MID-MISSISSIPPI VALLEYS...

    21Z update... The latest guidance had a modest westward shift with
    the QPF footprint across the central states, which resulted in
    westward adjustment with both the western and eastern boundaries of
    the Marginal Risk area.

    Campbell

    A plume of moisture originating from the Gulf will advect moisture
    and instability northward into the Missouri and Mississippi Valleys
    on Thursday. Meanwhile, a strong cold front emanating from a deep
    low over the northern Plains will sweep eastward across the same
    region. Where these two competing air masses meet, most likely in
    the Marginal Risk area, expect widespread development of showers
    and thunderstorms. The greatest clashes are expected after sunset
    Thursday night, as the low level jet advecting the moisture and
    instability strengthens with the normal diurnal cycle. As that
    warm, moist air collides with the cold front, it will stall the
    latter's southward progress, creating an east-west boundary, likely
    starting around the Kansas/Missouri border well south of Kansas
    City, then expanding eastward with the front. Ozarks topography
    will likely also support locally heavier rainfall on the south-
    facing slopes as well. Guidance is in very poor agreement as to
    exactly where and when this clash of air masses will occur, with
    the above-described scenario seemingly the most likely solution
    based on an ensemble of the guidance. Should the guidance come into
    better agreement with strength and timing of the heaviest rainfall
    with future updates, a Slight Risk may need to be considered. The
    still full rivers and saturated soils across southeast Kansas and
    southwest Missouri from recent heavy rainfall events will
    contribute to more widely scattered instances of flash flooding
    should the heaviest rainfall occur over this region.

    Wegman


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!83sMOGzdY50_qyVq8hCVxWilNAz9K6KYBjs4_SEeuL2e= 4mYBHAs1BSt-Hvw51UMeq6nq0PGobWwstesQWWc3AWxRI5w$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!83sMOGzdY50_qyVq8hCVxWilNAz9K6KYBjs4_SEeuL2e= 4mYBHAs1BSt-Hvw51UMeq6nq0PGobWwstesQWWc3FP5hvDc$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!83sMOGzdY50_qyVq8hCVxWilNAz9K6KYBjs4_SEeuL2e= 4mYBHAs1BSt-Hvw51UMeq6nq0PGobWwstesQWWc3YvUoBng$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Wed Apr 22 00:59:33 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 220059
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    859 PM EDT Tue Apr 21 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 01Z Wed Apr 22 2026 - 12Z Wed Apr 22 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    CALIFORNIA AND NEAR THE TEXAS/LOUISIANA BORDER...

    ...California...

    Broad on-shore flow has weakened as one shortwave made its way=20
    inland from the central California coast...but the approach of=20
    another vort center from the eastern North Pacific precludes=20
    removal of the Marginal Risk all together. Steep mid- level lapse=20
    rates resulting from cold mid-level temperature at the time of=20
    maximum daytime have supported some downpours...especially in=20
    association with the shortwave trough and strong orographically-=20
    forced ascent upon encountering the Sierra Nevada range. The=20
    expectation that the coverage of higher intensity rainfall will=20
    diminish with the loss of daytime heating...but still be enough to=20
    result in localized flash flooding.=20

    Bann

    ...Texas...

    The forcing from middle- and upper-level shortwave energy seen in
    water vapor satellite imagery has finally moving away from the
    central part of Texas...ending the risk of continued/renewed
    excessive rainfall from the part of the state soaked in the past
    24 to 36 hours.=20=20

    However...there has been a consistent signal appearing in the past
    5 or 6 runs of the HRRR (beginning around 21/20Z) that isolated
    convection with some potential for upscale growth in intensity and
    coverage along the Upper Texas coast after 22/09Z. Both the HREF=20
    and RRFS note low probabilities for flash flood guidance being=20
    exceeded at 3 hours...although the RRFS seems to display its=20
    overconfidence in probabilities and broader areal coverage than the
    HREF. Low level forcing looks to be fairly weak with the 18Z=20
    global models only showing 10 to 15 knots of on-shore flow at 925=20
    mb. However...those winds should be transporting an airmass with=20 precipitable water values at or slightly above 1.5 inches into the=20
    region. The concern for excessive rainfall continues beyond the end
    of the Day 1 period at 22/12Z.

    Bann


    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Wed Apr 22 2026 - 12Z Thu Apr 23 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE UPPER TEXAS COAST AND SOUTHWESTERN LOUISIANA...

    21Z update... A very small adjustment was made to the western
    boundary of the Marginal across eastern Texas to reflect the latest
    trends and WPC QPF.

    Campbell

    Only minor tweaks were made to the inherited Marginal Risk area
    across far southeastern Texas (upper Texas Coast) and southwestern
    Louisiana. Steady southerly flow off the Gulf will continue to
    advect a plume of Gulf moisture northward across the Marginal Risk
    area. The flow will not be much to write home about, generally
    between 5-15 kts at 850 mb. In addition to the rather weak
    advection, it's notable that unlike Day 1/Tuesday, the upper levels
    will become decidedly less favorable for widespread rain across the
    region as ridging and associated subsidence builds in. Thus, there
    is good agreement that any heavy rains will be disorganized and
    widely scattered in nature, as compared with the rains further west
    across Texas the past couple days. Urban concerns remain a driving
    factor for maintaining the Marginal, which appears to be a lower-
    end risk.

    Wegman

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Thu Apr 23 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 24 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE LOWER MISSOURI AND MID-MISSISSIPPI VALLEYS...

    21Z update... The latest guidance had a modest westward shift with
    the QPF footprint across the central states, which resulted in
    westward adjustment with both the western and eastern boundaries of
    the Marginal Risk area.

    Campbell

    A plume of moisture originating from the Gulf will advect moisture
    and instability northward into the Missouri and Mississippi Valleys
    on Thursday. Meanwhile, a strong cold front emanating from a deep
    low over the northern Plains will sweep eastward across the same
    region. Where these two competing air masses meet, most likely in
    the Marginal Risk area, expect widespread development of showers
    and thunderstorms. The greatest clashes are expected after sunset
    Thursday night, as the low level jet advecting the moisture and
    instability strengthens with the normal diurnal cycle. As that
    warm, moist air collides with the cold front, it will stall the
    latter's southward progress, creating an east-west boundary, likely
    starting around the Kansas/Missouri border well south of Kansas
    City, then expanding eastward with the front. Ozarks topography
    will likely also support locally heavier rainfall on the south-
    facing slopes as well. Guidance is in very poor agreement as to
    exactly where and when this clash of air masses will occur, with
    the above-described scenario seemingly the most likely solution
    based on an ensemble of the guidance. Should the guidance come into
    better agreement with strength and timing of the heaviest rainfall
    with future updates, a Slight Risk may need to be considered. The
    still full rivers and saturated soils across southeast Kansas and
    southwest Missouri from recent heavy rainfall events will
    contribute to more widely scattered instances of flash flooding
    should the heaviest rainfall occur over this region.

    Wegman


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!-dVRb64Yevnba4PJruLCYqPXEQ-xYmHEaCH3usk6Jbbn= r6RLGLprJRZfCz-Fe6bgR6fnCIAfhgF2Y9OLjIAqinmFnyY$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!-dVRb64Yevnba4PJruLCYqPXEQ-xYmHEaCH3usk6Jbbn= r6RLGLprJRZfCz-Fe6bgR6fnCIAfhgF2Y9OLjIAqSUIqlO4$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!-dVRb64Yevnba4PJruLCYqPXEQ-xYmHEaCH3usk6Jbbn= r6RLGLprJRZfCz-Fe6bgR6fnCIAfhgF2Y9OLjIAqTnjgbfU$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Wed Apr 22 07:57:32 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 220757
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    357 AM EDT Wed Apr 22 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 12Z Wed Apr 22 2026 - 12Z Thu Apr 23 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    SOUTHEAST TEXAS AND SOUTHWESTERN LOUISIANA...

    Steady southerly flow off the Gulf will continue to advect a plume
    of Gulf moisture northward across the Marginal Risk area. The flow
    will not be much to write home about, generally between 5-15 kts=20
    at 850 mb. In addition to the rather weak advection the upper=20
    levels will become decidedly less favorable for widespread rain=20
    across the region as ridging and associated subsidence build in.=20
    Thus, there is good agreement that any heavy rains will be=20
    disorganized and widely scattered in nature, as compared with the=20
    rains further west across Texas the past couple days. Urban=20
    concerns remain a driving factor for maintaining the Marginal.
    Guidance has shifted a bit to the south and west with the threat
    for a few cells capable of heavy rains. This resulted in the
    Marginal being shifted west along I-10, over an area that has been
    hard-hit with heavy rains in recent days. Meanwhile portions of the
    Piney Woods of far eastern Texas were removed as guidance has
    suggested any more organized cells will be confined to around the
    I-10 corridor. The westward shift resulted in small trimming in
    south-central Louisiana as well. Should there be greater than
    expected organization from Houston west along I-10, a targeted
    Slight Risk may need to be considered due to the saturated soils
    from yesterday's and prior days' rainfall.

    Wegman

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Thu Apr 23 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 24 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FROM NORTHEASTERN
    OKLAHOMA THROUGH THE ARROWHEAD OF MINNESOTA...

    A strong but slow-moving low will lurk north of North Dakota in
    southern Manitoba Thursday and Thursday night. The leading cold
    front associated with this low has consequently also slowed down
    its forward speed in much of the guidance. The result has been an
    increase in forecasted rainfall that will occur ahead of that cold
    front as it uplifts a moist and unstable air mass with a 30-50 kt
    LLJ. Since the front has slowed down, there's more time for
    moisture to advect north with the LLJ into Iowa, Minnesota, and
    Wisconsin. While portions of Minnesota and Wisconsin were hard hit
    with heavy rains last week, there has been sufficient time for the
    soils to dry out some and for the rivers to drain that rainfall.
    Thus, conditions are at or even a bit below normal for soil
    moisture. Despite that, potential for fast-moving but training
    storms could still result in some "stripes" of heavier rainfall
    that could cause isolated flash flooding, especially if urban
    centers such as the Twin Cities are included. The inherited
    Marginal was shifted west but expanded well to the north to include
    some of these more vulnerable areas of Minnesota and Wisconsin with
    this update. The good news is further south across Kansas and
    Missouri, the forcing now doesn't look like it will be quite as
    strong as the forecast looked 24 hours ago. Thus, while a Slight
    Risk upgrade was considered for along the KS/MO border south of
    Kansas City yesterday, confidence has increased that the current
    Marginal Risk for that area will suffice.

    Wegman

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Fri Apr 24 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 25 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE MIDDLE AND LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY...

    A slow-moving cold front will run into increasing Gulf moisture and
    instability across the Middle and Lower Mississippi Valley on
    Friday. Clusters of showers and thunderstorms will develop along
    the front in northwestern portions of the Marginal across Arkansas
    and southeastern Missouri with peak heating Friday afternoon. Those
    storms will gradually progress south and east, with the potential
    for localized training of stronger cells embedded within these
    clusters of storms. Almost all of the Marginal Risk area is in an
    area with extremely dry soils. Depending on the soil type, this
    could make some of the soils (clays) start out the rainfall event
    in a very hydrophobic state, which would support rapid runoff.
    However, for most, all but the heaviest rains will be very
    beneficial for this parched area of the country. Urban areas, areas
    with hydrophobic soils, and poor-drainage areas will be at the
    greatest risk for isolated instances of flash flooding. Smaller=20
    drainage basins and the portions of Arkansas with the Ozarks=20
    topographically confining any potential runoff to steep valleys
    will also be at a locally higher risk for flash flooding.

    Wegman


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!-XIrIrh7z0HtfczzcmVPVPfP_5gMQmyHixdNTzldkzI0= mCc1TcaRPc3rMipDwXm6XDhhzYswKzcrgLoxCyqQTpkOqxY$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!-XIrIrh7z0HtfczzcmVPVPfP_5gMQmyHixdNTzldkzI0= mCc1TcaRPc3rMipDwXm6XDhhzYswKzcrgLoxCyqQ41Fjg9I$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!-XIrIrh7z0HtfczzcmVPVPfP_5gMQmyHixdNTzldkzI0= mCc1TcaRPc3rMipDwXm6XDhhzYswKzcrgLoxCyqQF7yOdHI$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Wed Apr 22 15:50:44 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 221550
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    1150 AM EDT Wed Apr 22 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Wed Apr 22 2026 - 12Z Thu Apr 23 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    SOUTHEAST TEXAS AND SOUTHWESTERN LOUISIANA...

    16Z update...There continues to be a modest western trend with the
    convection across eastern Texas toward east-central Texas. The=20
    latest CAMs depicted hourly rates up to 1.25 inches/hr near and
    outside of the inherited Northwest periphery of the Marginal for
    several hours along with rates up to 3-4 inches/hrs between
    Victoria and Corpus Christi metros beyond the southwest periphery.
    As such the western and southern portion of the Marginal Risk boundary
    was modestly expanded to cover these locations.=20

    Campbell

    Steady southerly flow off the Gulf will continue to advect a plume
    of Gulf moisture northward across the Marginal Risk area. The flow
    will not be much to write home about, generally between 5-15 kts
    at 850 mb. In addition to the rather weak advection the upper
    levels will become decidedly less favorable for widespread rain
    across the region as ridging and associated subsidence build in.
    Thus, there is good agreement that any heavy rains will be
    disorganized and widely scattered in nature, as compared with the
    rains further west across Texas the past couple days. Urban
    concerns remain a driving factor for maintaining the Marginal.
    Guidance has shifted a bit to the south and west with the threat
    for a few cells capable of heavy rains. This resulted in the
    Marginal being shifted west along I-10, over an area that has been
    hard-hit with heavy rains in recent days. Meanwhile portions of the
    Piney Woods of far eastern Texas were removed as guidance has
    suggested any more organized cells will be confined to around the
    I-10 corridor. The westward shift resulted in small trimming in
    south-central Louisiana as well. Should there be greater than
    expected organization from Houston west along I-10, a targeted
    Slight Risk may need to be considered due to the saturated soils
    from yesterday's and prior days' rainfall.

    Wegman

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Thu Apr 23 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 24 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FROM NORTHEASTERN
    OKLAHOMA THROUGH THE ARROWHEAD OF MINNESOTA...

    A strong but slow-moving low will lurk north of North Dakota in
    southern Manitoba Thursday and Thursday night. The leading cold
    front associated with this low has consequently also slowed down
    its forward speed in much of the guidance. The result has been an
    increase in forecasted rainfall that will occur ahead of that cold
    front as it uplifts a moist and unstable air mass with a 30-50 kt
    LLJ. Since the front has slowed down, there's more time for
    moisture to advect north with the LLJ into Iowa, Minnesota, and
    Wisconsin. While portions of Minnesota and Wisconsin were hard hit
    with heavy rains last week, there has been sufficient time for the
    soils to dry out some and for the rivers to drain that rainfall.
    Thus, conditions are at or even a bit below normal for soil
    moisture. Despite that, potential for fast-moving but training
    storms could still result in some "stripes" of heavier rainfall
    that could cause isolated flash flooding, especially if urban
    centers such as the Twin Cities are included. The inherited
    Marginal was shifted west but expanded well to the north to include
    some of these more vulnerable areas of Minnesota and Wisconsin with
    this update. The good news is further south across Kansas and
    Missouri, the forcing now doesn't look like it will be quite as
    strong as the forecast looked 24 hours ago. Thus, while a Slight
    Risk upgrade was considered for along the KS/MO border south of
    Kansas City yesterday, confidence has increased that the current
    Marginal Risk for that area will suffice.

    Wegman

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Fri Apr 24 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 25 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE MIDDLE AND LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY...

    A slow-moving cold front will run into increasing Gulf moisture and
    instability across the Middle and Lower Mississippi Valley on
    Friday. Clusters of showers and thunderstorms will develop along
    the front in northwestern portions of the Marginal across Arkansas
    and southeastern Missouri with peak heating Friday afternoon. Those
    storms will gradually progress south and east, with the potential
    for localized training of stronger cells embedded within these
    clusters of storms. Almost all of the Marginal Risk area is in an
    area with extremely dry soils. Depending on the soil type, this
    could make some of the soils (clays) start out the rainfall event
    in a very hydrophobic state, which would support rapid runoff.
    However, for most, all but the heaviest rains will be very
    beneficial for this parched area of the country. Urban areas, areas
    with hydrophobic soils, and poor-drainage areas will be at the
    greatest risk for isolated instances of flash flooding. Smaller
    drainage basins and the portions of Arkansas with the Ozarks
    topographically confining any potential runoff to steep valleys
    will also be at a locally higher risk for flash flooding.

    Wegman


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!8VSUJxal0zY6qY7zjV8aeF-NgIAMqN5TfoaF3Kai7GlJ= DBwvKiZRbrriMiE0W7jn9KRtZcnYzfBWOdJgSgJSSKx-bk4$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!8VSUJxal0zY6qY7zjV8aeF-NgIAMqN5TfoaF3Kai7GlJ= DBwvKiZRbrriMiE0W7jn9KRtZcnYzfBWOdJgSgJShICZNKQ$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!8VSUJxal0zY6qY7zjV8aeF-NgIAMqN5TfoaF3Kai7GlJ= DBwvKiZRbrriMiE0W7jn9KRtZcnYzfBWOdJgSgJS-XlaVpk$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Wed Apr 22 18:42:50 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 221842
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    242 PM EDT Wed Apr 22 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Wed Apr 22 2026 - 12Z Thu Apr 23 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    SOUTHEAST TEXAS AND SOUTHWESTERN LOUISIANA...

    16Z update...There continues to be a modest western trend with the
    convection across eastern Texas toward east-central Texas. The
    latest CAMs depicted hourly rates up to 1.25 inches/hr near and
    outside of the inherited Northwest periphery of the Marginal for
    several hours along with rates up to 3-4 inches/hrs between
    Victoria and Corpus Christi metros beyond the southwest periphery.
    As such the western and southern portion of the Marginal Risk boundary
    was modestly expanded to cover these locations.

    Campbell

    Steady southerly flow off the Gulf will continue to advect a plume
    of Gulf moisture northward across the Marginal Risk area. The flow
    will not be much to write home about, generally between 5-15 kts
    at 850 mb. In addition to the rather weak advection the upper
    levels will become decidedly less favorable for widespread rain
    across the region as ridging and associated subsidence build in.
    Thus, there is good agreement that any heavy rains will be
    disorganized and widely scattered in nature, as compared with the
    rains further west across Texas the past couple days. Urban
    concerns remain a driving factor for maintaining the Marginal.
    Guidance has shifted a bit to the south and west with the threat
    for a few cells capable of heavy rains. This resulted in the
    Marginal being shifted west along I-10, over an area that has been
    hard-hit with heavy rains in recent days. Meanwhile portions of the
    Piney Woods of far eastern Texas were removed as guidance has
    suggested any more organized cells will be confined to around the
    I-10 corridor. The westward shift resulted in small trimming in
    south-central Louisiana as well. Should there be greater than
    expected organization from Houston west along I-10, a targeted
    Slight Risk may need to be considered due to the saturated soils
    from yesterday's and prior days' rainfall.

    Wegman

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Thu Apr 23 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 24 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FROM NORTHEASTERN
    OKLAHOMA THROUGH THE ARROWHEAD OF MINNESOTA...

    2100 UTC update...

    No significant changes made to the previous broad marginal risk
    area from the Upper Mississippi Valley, south southwestward into
    the eastern portions of the Central to Southern Plains. The new
    HREF mean is farther east with its qpf axis than the RRFS mean or
    continuity. The hi-res models do often show a slow bias for
    convective formation, which would support a possible farther west=20
    initiation area than the HREF mean suggests. With this in mind, we=20
    did not alter the western edge of the marginal risk area. The=20
    eastern end was expended slightly into eastern WI to capture some=20
    of the more progressive solutions with the eastward push of=20
    organized convection early Friday morning.

    Oravec


    Previous discussion...

    A strong but slow-moving low will lurk north
    of North Dakota in southern Manitoba Thursday and Thursday night.=20
    The leading cold front associated with this low has consequently=20
    also slowed down its forward speed in much of the guidance. The=20
    result has been an increase in forecasted rainfall that will occur=20
    ahead of that cold front as it uplifts a moist and unstable air=20
    mass with a 30-50 kt LLJ. Since the front has slowed down, there's=20
    more time for moisture to advect north with the LLJ into Iowa,=20
    Minnesota, and Wisconsin. While portions of Minnesota and Wisconsin
    were hard hit with heavy rains last week, there has been=20
    sufficient time for the soils to dry out some and for the rivers to
    drain that rainfall. Thus, conditions are at or even a bit below=20
    normal for soil moisture. Despite that, potential for fast-moving=20
    but training storms could still result in some "stripes" of heavier
    rainfall that could cause isolated flash flooding, especially if=20
    urban centers such as the Twin Cities are included. The inherited=20
    Marginal was shifted west but expanded well to the north to include
    some of these more vulnerable areas of Minnesota and Wisconsin=20
    with this update. The good news is further south across Kansas and=20
    Missouri, the forcing now doesn't look like it will be quite as=20
    strong as the forecast looked 24 hours ago. Thus, while a Slight=20
    Risk upgrade was considered for along the KS/MO border south of=20
    Kansas City yesterday, confidence has increased that the current=20
    Marginal Risk for that area will suffice.

    Wegman

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Fri Apr 24 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 25 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE MIDDLE AND LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY...

    2100 UTC update...

    Similar to the day 2 update, there were no significant changes made
    to the broad marginal risk centered over the Lower Mississippi
    Valley for the day 3 period. There is still a large spread with
    respect to where the max qpf may occur day 3, resulting in keeping
    a fairly large marginal risk area to cover the model spread.=20

    Oravec

    Previous discussion...

    A slow-moving cold front will run into increasing Gulf moisture and
    instability across the Middle and Lower Mississippi Valley on
    Friday. Clusters of showers and thunderstorms will develop along
    the front in northwestern portions of the Marginal across Arkansas
    and southeastern Missouri with peak heating Friday afternoon. Those
    storms will gradually progress south and east, with the potential
    for localized training of stronger cells embedded within these
    clusters of storms. Almost all of the Marginal Risk area is in an
    area with extremely dry soils. Depending on the soil type, this
    could make some of the soils (clays) start out the rainfall event
    in a very hydrophobic state, which would support rapid runoff.
    However, for most, all but the heaviest rains will be very
    beneficial for this parched area of the country. Urban areas, areas
    with hydrophobic soils, and poor-drainage areas will be at the
    greatest risk for isolated instances of flash flooding. Smaller
    drainage basins and the portions of Arkansas with the Ozarks
    topographically confining any potential runoff to steep valleys
    will also be at a locally higher risk for flash flooding.

    Wegman


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!_FrD9wdy6NFytC8ULTQ577SbEmQQ1STQiRnwNfw82-zo= SuDSpLIwwgDiQnXAHZuzqYVCcZx7YiWJE_otNOvQrvnQcls$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!_FrD9wdy6NFytC8ULTQ577SbEmQQ1STQiRnwNfw82-zo= SuDSpLIwwgDiQnXAHZuzqYVCcZx7YiWJE_otNOvQDkpIxKc$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!_FrD9wdy6NFytC8ULTQ577SbEmQQ1STQiRnwNfw82-zo= SuDSpLIwwgDiQnXAHZuzqYVCcZx7YiWJE_otNOvQSv4QuHQ$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Wed Apr 22 19:50:39 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 221950
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    350 PM EDT Wed Apr 22 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Wed Apr 22 2026 - 12Z Thu Apr 23 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    SOUTHEAST TEXAS AND SOUTHWESTERN LOUISIANA...

    16Z update...There continues to be a modest western trend with the
    convection across eastern Texas toward east-central Texas. The
    latest CAMs depicted hourly rates up to 1.25 inches/hr near and
    outside of the inherited Northwest periphery of the Marginal for
    several hours along with rates up to 3-4 inches/hrs between
    Victoria and Corpus Christi metros beyond the southwest periphery.
    As such the western and southern portion of the Marginal Risk boundary
    was modestly expanded to cover these locations.

    Campbell

    Steady southerly flow off the Gulf will continue to advect a plume
    of Gulf moisture northward across the Marginal Risk area. The flow
    will not be much to write home about, generally between 5-15 kts
    at 850 mb. In addition to the rather weak advection the upper
    levels will become decidedly less favorable for widespread rain
    across the region as ridging and associated subsidence build in.
    Thus, there is good agreement that any heavy rains will be
    disorganized and widely scattered in nature, as compared with the
    rains further west across Texas the past couple days. Urban
    concerns remain a driving factor for maintaining the Marginal.
    Guidance has shifted a bit to the south and west with the threat
    for a few cells capable of heavy rains. This resulted in the
    Marginal being shifted west along I-10, over an area that has been
    hard-hit with heavy rains in recent days. Meanwhile portions of the
    Piney Woods of far eastern Texas were removed as guidance has
    suggested any more organized cells will be confined to around the
    I-10 corridor. The westward shift resulted in small trimming in
    south-central Louisiana as well. Should there be greater than
    expected organization from Houston west along I-10, a targeted
    Slight Risk may need to be considered due to the saturated soils
    from yesterday's and prior days' rainfall.

    Wegman

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Thu Apr 23 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 24 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FROM NORTHEASTERN
    OKLAHOMA THROUGH THE ARROWHEAD OF MINNESOTA...

    21Z update... General setup described below still expected with the
    QPF footprint primarily focusing from eastern Oklahoma to the=20
    Minnesota Arrowhead. Consensus trended a bit drier across central=20
    Minnesota down to eastern Nebraska which will reduce the risk for reaching/exceeding flash flood guidance. The back edge of the
    Marginal Risk was adjusted to the east about 1-2 tiers of counties.=20

    Campbell

    A strong but slow-moving low will lurk north of North Dakota in
    southern Manitoba Thursday and Thursday night. The leading cold
    front associated with this low has consequently also slowed down
    its forward speed in much of the guidance. The result has been an
    increase in forecasted rainfall that will occur ahead of that cold
    front as it uplifts a moist and unstable air mass with a 30-50 kt
    LLJ. Since the front has slowed down, there's more time for
    moisture to advect north with the LLJ into Iowa, Minnesota, and
    Wisconsin. While portions of Minnesota and Wisconsin were hard hit
    with heavy rains last week, there has been sufficient time for the
    soils to dry out some and for the rivers to drain that rainfall.
    Thus, conditions are at or even a bit below normal for soil
    moisture. Despite that, potential for fast-moving but training
    storms could still result in some "stripes" of heavier rainfall
    that could cause isolated flash flooding, especially if urban
    centers such as the Twin Cities are included. The inherited
    Marginal was shifted west but expanded well to the north to include
    some of these more vulnerable areas of Minnesota and Wisconsin with
    this update. The good news is further south across Kansas and
    Missouri, the forcing now doesn't look like it will be quite as
    strong as the forecast looked 24 hours ago. Thus, while a Slight
    Risk upgrade was considered for along the KS/MO border south of
    Kansas City yesterday, confidence has increased that the current
    Marginal Risk for that area will suffice.

    Wegman

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Fri Apr 24 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 25 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE MIDDLE AND LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY...

    21Z update... Minor adjustments were made to the northern boundary
    of the Marginal Risk, reducing the placement by 1-2 tiers of
    counties. This reflects consensus for the QPF footprint and the
    modest southward trend across portions of Missouri, Illinois and
    Indiana. The highest amounts are expected to focus along the
    Mississippi River Valley of southeast Missouri, western Kentucky,
    western Tennessee and northeast Arkansas.

    Campbell

    A slow-moving cold front will run into increasing Gulf moisture and
    instability across the Middle and Lower Mississippi Valley on
    Friday. Clusters of showers and thunderstorms will develop along
    the front in northwestern portions of the Marginal across Arkansas
    and southeastern Missouri with peak heating Friday afternoon. Those
    storms will gradually progress south and east, with the potential
    for localized training of stronger cells embedded within these
    clusters of storms. Almost all of the Marginal Risk area is in an
    area with extremely dry soils. Depending on the soil type, this
    could make some of the soils (clays) start out the rainfall event
    in a very hydrophobic state, which would support rapid runoff.
    However, for most, all but the heaviest rains will be very
    beneficial for this parched area of the country. Urban areas, areas
    with hydrophobic soils, and poor-drainage areas will be at the
    greatest risk for isolated instances of flash flooding. Smaller
    drainage basins and the portions of Arkansas with the Ozarks
    topographically confining any potential runoff to steep valleys
    will also be at a locally higher risk for flash flooding.

    Wegman


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!803cU0bT6FkK7Xdn1tSoJUNCIqRnSszDxdN4eaW5nQwu= KfQsAA4nPQ1-SMEV35Jm_4DzYyT2q4eP69pQFKebwzexQIA$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!803cU0bT6FkK7Xdn1tSoJUNCIqRnSszDxdN4eaW5nQwu= KfQsAA4nPQ1-SMEV35Jm_4DzYyT2q4eP69pQFKebkPcYXcY$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!803cU0bT6FkK7Xdn1tSoJUNCIqRnSszDxdN4eaW5nQwu= KfQsAA4nPQ1-SMEV35Jm_4DzYyT2q4eP69pQFKebpgShFMs$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Thu Apr 23 00:58:46 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 230058
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    858 PM EDT Wed Apr 22 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 01Z Thu Apr 23 2026 - 12Z Thu Apr 23 2026

    The probability of rainfall exceeding flash flood guidance is less
    than 5 percent.

    Convection that developed at the time of maximum heating will
    continue to wane this evening. FV3 guidance still hints at some
    convective redevelopment late tonight/early Thursday morning...but
    that solution has not been favored by other global or ensemble runs
    from the daytime numerical guidance suite.

    Bann


    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Thu Apr 23 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 24 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FROM NORTHEASTERN
    OKLAHOMA THROUGH THE ARROWHEAD OF MINNESOTA...

    21Z update... General setup described below still expected with the
    QPF footprint primarily focusing from eastern Oklahoma to the
    Minnesota Arrowhead. Consensus trended a bit drier across central
    Minnesota down to eastern Nebraska which will reduce the risk for reaching/exceeding flash flood guidance. The back edge of the
    Marginal Risk was adjusted to the east about 1-2 tiers of counties.

    Campbell

    A strong but slow-moving low will lurk north of North Dakota in
    southern Manitoba Thursday and Thursday night. The leading cold
    front associated with this low has consequently also slowed down
    its forward speed in much of the guidance. The result has been an
    increase in forecasted rainfall that will occur ahead of that cold
    front as it uplifts a moist and unstable air mass with a 30-50 kt
    LLJ. Since the front has slowed down, there's more time for
    moisture to advect north with the LLJ into Iowa, Minnesota, and
    Wisconsin. While portions of Minnesota and Wisconsin were hard hit
    with heavy rains last week, there has been sufficient time for the
    soils to dry out some and for the rivers to drain that rainfall.
    Thus, conditions are at or even a bit below normal for soil
    moisture. Despite that, potential for fast-moving but training
    storms could still result in some "stripes" of heavier rainfall
    that could cause isolated flash flooding, especially if urban
    centers such as the Twin Cities are included. The inherited
    Marginal was shifted west but expanded well to the north to include
    some of these more vulnerable areas of Minnesota and Wisconsin with
    this update. The good news is further south across Kansas and
    Missouri, the forcing now doesn't look like it will be quite as
    strong as the forecast looked 24 hours ago. Thus, while a Slight
    Risk upgrade was considered for along the KS/MO border south of
    Kansas City yesterday, confidence has increased that the current
    Marginal Risk for that area will suffice.

    Wegman

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Fri Apr 24 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 25 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR PORTIONS OF
    THE MIDDLE AND LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY...

    21Z update... Minor adjustments were made to the northern boundary
    of the Marginal Risk, reducing the placement by 1-2 tiers of
    counties. This reflects consensus for the QPF footprint and the
    modest southward trend across portions of Missouri, Illinois and
    Indiana. The highest amounts are expected to focus along the
    Mississippi River Valley of southeast Missouri, western Kentucky,
    western Tennessee and northeast Arkansas.

    Campbell

    A slow-moving cold front will run into increasing Gulf moisture and
    instability across the Middle and Lower Mississippi Valley on
    Friday. Clusters of showers and thunderstorms will develop along
    the front in northwestern portions of the Marginal across Arkansas
    and southeastern Missouri with peak heating Friday afternoon. Those
    storms will gradually progress south and east, with the potential
    for localized training of stronger cells embedded within these
    clusters of storms. Almost all of the Marginal Risk area is in an
    area with extremely dry soils. Depending on the soil type, this
    could make some of the soils (clays) start out the rainfall event
    in a very hydrophobic state, which would support rapid runoff.
    However, for most, all but the heaviest rains will be very
    beneficial for this parched area of the country. Urban areas, areas
    with hydrophobic soils, and poor-drainage areas will be at the
    greatest risk for isolated instances of flash flooding. Smaller
    drainage basins and the portions of Arkansas with the Ozarks
    topographically confining any potential runoff to steep valleys
    will also be at a locally higher risk for flash flooding.

    Wegman


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!-_klHIn56J5NFWTWsA3j2efMeT5zaB2Rq1zis42HqC6j= VrbjsRf30ufCm8lxYdP2WniiNyoAHvxa6gaEVowMBHv4Gyw$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!-_klHIn56J5NFWTWsA3j2efMeT5zaB2Rq1zis42HqC6j= VrbjsRf30ufCm8lxYdP2WniiNyoAHvxa6gaEVowMWMoz5PQ$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!-_klHIn56J5NFWTWsA3j2efMeT5zaB2Rq1zis42HqC6j= VrbjsRf30ufCm8lxYdP2WniiNyoAHvxa6gaEVowMTggAKsQ$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Thu Apr 23 07:47:09 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 230746
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    346 AM EDT Thu Apr 23 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 12Z Thu Apr 23 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 24 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN THE CENTRAL
    PLAINS AND UPPER MIDWEST...

    Convection is expected to blossom this afternoon along and ahead of
    a cold front in the Central U.S. The warm sector ahead of the front
    should be characterized by an overlap of moderate instability (1000
    to 2000 j/kg MLCAPE) and anomalously high moisture content (1.0 to
    1.5 inch PWATs; near or above the 90th percentile for late April).
    The combination of instability and moisture should support heavy
    rain rates in organized convection in excess of 1 inch per hour at
    times. The main limiting factor for higher rainfall totals over the
    entire forecast period, and any impacts from flash flooding, should
    be a lack of persistence to the high rain rates in a given spot.

    =46rom the I-70 corridor to the north, lines of thunderstorms are
    expected to be relatively narrow and steadily progress, given the
    deep layer shear vectors will be oriented closer to perpendicular
    with the cold front. Therefore, despite some pockets of lower flash
    flood guidance (around or just under 2 inches in 3 hours), and
    recent wet pattern in parts of the region, the heaviest rain rates
    should not last very long and the flash flood risk is expected to
    remain isolated. Furthermore, instability diminishes rapidly around
    sunset, so rain intensity should drop off within about 6 hours of=20
    convective initiation. It should be noted this assessment does not
    necessarily apply to other flooding risks in the region: ongoing=20
    mainstem river flooding, or potential for rain and snowmelt=20
    flooding in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. For more details on=20
    those flooding hazards, refer to the National Water Center.

    Further south, the pattern will be more supportive of backbuilding
    and training convection, especially this evening and overnight from
    southeast Kansas into northeast Oklahoma and the Ozark region of
    southwest Missouri and northwest Arkansas. As the low level jet
    veers and an upstream instability maximum persists in eastern
    Oklahoma, hi-res models uniformly show a band of thunderstorms
    becoming increasingly east-west oriented, more parallel to the deep
    layer shear vector. Nevertheless, they all also show steady
    progression to the southeast with some cold pool development, and a
    lack of rainfall maxima in excess of 3 inches. Therefore, the risk
    of flash flooding is currently expected to be isolated, but the
    situation will be monitored in case a targeted Slight Risk is
    needed later today.

    Lamers

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Fri Apr 24 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 25 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN THE MID SOUTH...

    A convective cluster or backbuilding convective line may be ongoing
    on Friday morning -- most likely across northern Arkansas based on
    00Z HREF EAS probabilities -- with the potential for additional
    convective clusters to develop through the day across the region.
    Updated WPC QPF places the heaviest rainfall across Arkansas,
    northern Mississippi, and far northern Louisiana, and this is where
    the Marginal Risk area was re-centered. There is some uncertainty=20
    on where the heaviest rain will fall, as it should be tied in some=20
    way to convective outflow from morning and early afternoon=20
    activity. The warm sector to the south and southeast of that should
    have a combination of moderate instability and precipitable water=20
    close to 1.5 inches (around the 90th percentile for late April).=20
    That sort of environment would support rain rates of 1 to 2 inches=20
    per hour in organized convection, which could lead to isolated=20
    flash flooding where backbuilding and training occurs.

    Lamers

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Sat Apr 25 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 26 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN SOUTHEAST
    KANSAS, SOUTHWEST MISSOURI, EASTERN OKLAHOMA, AND WESTERN ARKANSAS...

    Available deep moisture in the southern Plains on Saturday should
    be lower than prior days across the region, with model forecast
    soundings indicating the potential for dry air from 800-600mb
    associated with an elevated mixed layer. This would likely restrict
    any excessive rainfall and flash flooding concerns to the isolated
    variety. Nevertheless, strong instability and vertical wind shear
    should support supercells evolving into convective lines. There is
    not a consistent signal for concentrated areas of heavy rain, but
    with the expected convective modes, localized areas of longer heavy
    rain duration are possible via storm mergers and some upshear cell
    development. Any corridors of heavy rain on Thursday or Friday
    could also locally increase soil moisture and vulnerability to
    another round of heavy rain. Therefore, the Marginal Risk was=20
    maintained for Saturday and Saturday Night.

    Lamers


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5z4bZHf4Ck3ocu8vxjqmGnEF4i1qwS8D5NLHoHmi1SN6= FPk4XfCtaDmmvBZWBhOoG1idwRsgW4tlZ_4hPoxr-w5DREo$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5z4bZHf4Ck3ocu8vxjqmGnEF4i1qwS8D5NLHoHmi1SN6= FPk4XfCtaDmmvBZWBhOoG1idwRsgW4tlZ_4hPoxrtQB2kFk$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5z4bZHf4Ck3ocu8vxjqmGnEF4i1qwS8D5NLHoHmi1SN6= FPk4XfCtaDmmvBZWBhOoG1idwRsgW4tlZ_4hPoxrtPQWSng$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Thu Apr 23 15:57:57 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 231557
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    1157 AM EDT Thu Apr 23 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Thu Apr 23 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 24 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN THE CENTRAL
    PLAINS AND UPPER MIDWEST...

    16Z update... Lines of thunderstorms are still expected to pass
    through the Mississippi Valley and Central/Southern Plains=20
    producing rainfall rates up to 2.5 inches/hour. Storm motion will
    be fairly progressive through this period so it may limit the
    overall risk to any particular location. Recent rains across the
    Upper Mississippi Valley/Upper Midwest has had time to absorb lower
    within the soil column allowing the top few inches to dry out.
    Parts of Wisconsin and surrounding areas may be more sensitive to
    flash flooding and stream rises should the storm speed slow or
    rates increase. At this time a Marginal still seems appropriate for
    the setup and risk level, so no changes were made.=20

    Campbell

    Convection is expected to blossom this afternoon along and ahead of
    a cold front in the Central U.S. The warm sector ahead of the front
    should be characterized by an overlap of moderate instability (1000
    to 2000 j/kg MLCAPE) and anomalously high moisture content (1.0 to
    1.5 inch PWATs; near or above the 90th percentile for late April).
    The combination of instability and moisture should support heavy
    rain rates in organized convection in excess of 1 inch per hour at
    times. The main limiting factor for higher rainfall totals over the
    entire forecast period, and any impacts from flash flooding, should
    be a lack of persistence to the high rain rates in a given spot.

    =46rom the I-70 corridor to the north, lines of thunderstorms are
    expected to be relatively narrow and steadily progress, given the
    deep layer shear vectors will be oriented closer to perpendicular
    with the cold front. Therefore, despite some pockets of lower flash
    flood guidance (around or just under 2 inches in 3 hours), and
    recent wet pattern in parts of the region, the heaviest rain rates
    should not last very long and the flash flood risk is expected to
    remain isolated. Furthermore, instability diminishes rapidly around
    sunset, so rain intensity should drop off within about 6 hours of
    convective initiation. It should be noted this assessment does not
    necessarily apply to other flooding risks in the region: ongoing
    mainstream river flooding, or potential for rain and snowmelt
    flooding in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. For more details on
    those flooding hazards, refer to the National Water Center.

    Further south, the pattern will be more supportive of backbuilding
    and training convection, especially this evening and overnight from
    southeast Kansas into northeast Oklahoma and the Ozark region of
    southwest Missouri and northwest Arkansas. As the low level jet
    veers and an upstream instability maximum persists in eastern
    Oklahoma, hi-res models uniformly show a band of thunderstorms
    becoming increasingly east-west oriented, more parallel to the deep
    layer shear vector. Nevertheless, they all also show steady
    progression to the southeast with some cold pool development, and a
    lack of rainfall maxima in excess of 3 inches. Therefore, the risk
    of flash flooding is currently expected to be isolated, but the
    situation will be monitored in case a targeted Slight Risk is
    needed later today.

    Lamers

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Fri Apr 24 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 25 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN THE MID SOUTH...

    A convective cluster or backbuilding convective line may be ongoing
    on Friday morning -- most likely across northern Arkansas based on
    00Z HREF EAS probabilities -- with the potential for additional
    convective clusters to develop through the day across the region.
    Updated WPC QPF places the heaviest rainfall across Arkansas,
    northern Mississippi, and far northern Louisiana, and this is where
    the Marginal Risk area was re-centered. There is some uncertainty
    on where the heaviest rain will fall, as it should be tied in some
    way to convective outflow from morning and early afternoon
    activity. The warm sector to the south and southeast of that should
    have a combination of moderate instability and precipitable water
    close to 1.5 inches (around the 90th percentile for late April).
    That sort of environment would support rain rates of 1 to 2 inches
    per hour in organized convection, which could lead to isolated
    flash flooding where backbuilding and training occurs.

    Lamers

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Sat Apr 25 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 26 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN SOUTHEAST
    KANSAS, SOUTHWEST MISSOURI, EASTERN OKLAHOMA, AND WESTERN ARKANSAS...

    Available deep moisture in the southern Plains on Saturday should
    be lower than prior days across the region, with model forecast
    soundings indicating the potential for dry air from 800-600mb
    associated with an elevated mixed layer. This would likely restrict
    any excessive rainfall and flash flooding concerns to the isolated
    variety. Nevertheless, strong instability and vertical wind shear
    should support supercells evolving into convective lines. There is
    not a consistent signal for concentrated areas of heavy rain, but
    with the expected convective modes, localized areas of longer heavy
    rain duration are possible via storm mergers and some upshear cell
    development. Any corridors of heavy rain on Thursday or Friday
    could also locally increase soil moisture and vulnerability to
    another round of heavy rain. Therefore, the Marginal Risk was
    maintained for Saturday and Saturday Night.

    Lamers


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!8Yu8SKS2YVENnXGTTGwQFx_EZ2m73zRIlpOXPnM7Aqq9= gEbuuqebwxP1V6yZIdcHzL6l1Q1N1lVTKVfEKYQwvdJexz0$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!8Yu8SKS2YVENnXGTTGwQFx_EZ2m73zRIlpOXPnM7Aqq9= gEbuuqebwxP1V6yZIdcHzL6l1Q1N1lVTKVfEKYQw-gJtWsc$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!8Yu8SKS2YVENnXGTTGwQFx_EZ2m73zRIlpOXPnM7Aqq9= gEbuuqebwxP1V6yZIdcHzL6l1Q1N1lVTKVfEKYQw4wrWSkY$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Thu Apr 23 16:00:34 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 231600
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    1200 PM EDT Thu Apr 23 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Thu Apr 23 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 24 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN THE CENTRAL
    PLAINS AND UPPER MIDWEST...

    16Z update... Lines of thunderstorms are still expected to pass
    through the Mississippi Valley and Central/Southern Plains
    producing rainfall rates up to 2.5 inches/hour. Storm motion will
    be fairly progressive through this period so it may limit the
    overall risk to any particular location. Recent rains across the
    Upper Mississippi Valley/Upper Midwest has had time to absorb lower
    within the soil column allowing the top few inches to dry out.
    Parts of Wisconsin and surrounding areas may be more sensitive to
    flash flooding and stream rises should the storm speed slow or
    rates increase. At this time a Marginal still seems appropriate for
    the setup and risk level, only adjustment made was to extend the
    northern boundary to the International border of northeast
    Minnesota.

    Campbell

    Convection is expected to blossom this afternoon along and ahead of
    a cold front in the Central U.S. The warm sector ahead of the front
    should be characterized by an overlap of moderate instability (1000
    to 2000 j/kg MLCAPE) and anomalously high moisture content (1.0 to
    1.5 inch PWATs; near or above the 90th percentile for late April).
    The combination of instability and moisture should support heavy
    rain rates in organized convection in excess of 1 inch per hour at
    times. The main limiting factor for higher rainfall totals over the
    entire forecast period, and any impacts from flash flooding, should
    be a lack of persistence to the high rain rates in a given spot.

    =46rom the I-70 corridor to the north, lines of thunderstorms are
    expected to be relatively narrow and steadily progress, given the
    deep layer shear vectors will be oriented closer to perpendicular
    with the cold front. Therefore, despite some pockets of lower flash
    flood guidance (around or just under 2 inches in 3 hours), and
    recent wet pattern in parts of the region, the heaviest rain rates
    should not last very long and the flash flood risk is expected to
    remain isolated. Furthermore, instability diminishes rapidly around
    sunset, so rain intensity should drop off within about 6 hours of
    convective initiation. It should be noted this assessment does not
    necessarily apply to other flooding risks in the region: ongoing
    mainstream river flooding, or potential for rain and snowmelt
    flooding in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. For more details on
    those flooding hazards, refer to the National Water Center.

    Further south, the pattern will be more supportive of backbuilding
    and training convection, especially this evening and overnight from
    southeast Kansas into northeast Oklahoma and the Ozark region of
    southwest Missouri and northwest Arkansas. As the low level jet
    veers and an upstream instability maximum persists in eastern
    Oklahoma, hi-res models uniformly show a band of thunderstorms
    becoming increasingly east-west oriented, more parallel to the deep
    layer shear vector. Nevertheless, they all also show steady
    progression to the southeast with some cold pool development, and a
    lack of rainfall maxima in excess of 3 inches. Therefore, the risk
    of flash flooding is currently expected to be isolated, but the
    situation will be monitored in case a targeted Slight Risk is
    needed later today.

    Lamers

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Fri Apr 24 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 25 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN THE MID SOUTH...

    A convective cluster or backbuilding convective line may be ongoing
    on Friday morning -- most likely across northern Arkansas based on
    00Z HREF EAS probabilities -- with the potential for additional
    convective clusters to develop through the day across the region.
    Updated WPC QPF places the heaviest rainfall across Arkansas,
    northern Mississippi, and far northern Louisiana, and this is where
    the Marginal Risk area was re-centered. There is some uncertainty
    on where the heaviest rain will fall, as it should be tied in some
    way to convective outflow from morning and early afternoon
    activity. The warm sector to the south and southeast of that should
    have a combination of moderate instability and precipitable water
    close to 1.5 inches (around the 90th percentile for late April).
    That sort of environment would support rain rates of 1 to 2 inches
    per hour in organized convection, which could lead to isolated
    flash flooding where backbuilding and training occurs.

    Lamers

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Sat Apr 25 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 26 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN SOUTHEAST
    KANSAS, SOUTHWEST MISSOURI, EASTERN OKLAHOMA, AND WESTERN ARKANSAS...

    Available deep moisture in the southern Plains on Saturday should
    be lower than prior days across the region, with model forecast
    soundings indicating the potential for dry air from 800-600mb
    associated with an elevated mixed layer. This would likely restrict
    any excessive rainfall and flash flooding concerns to the isolated
    variety. Nevertheless, strong instability and vertical wind shear
    should support supercells evolving into convective lines. There is
    not a consistent signal for concentrated areas of heavy rain, but
    with the expected convective modes, localized areas of longer heavy
    rain duration are possible via storm mergers and some upshear cell
    development. Any corridors of heavy rain on Thursday or Friday
    could also locally increase soil moisture and vulnerability to
    another round of heavy rain. Therefore, the Marginal Risk was
    maintained for Saturday and Saturday Night.

    Lamers


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!65j4H7x3kWcfz2gRG0z6huldfckYlnR24YLkjNT-3cdh= hErppwtPln-209agJFxE3BDZzzCS2uv39lKyBTtvAFNEPmM$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!65j4H7x3kWcfz2gRG0z6huldfckYlnR24YLkjNT-3cdh= hErppwtPln-209agJFxE3BDZzzCS2uv39lKyBTtvhjdx95M$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!65j4H7x3kWcfz2gRG0z6huldfckYlnR24YLkjNT-3cdh= hErppwtPln-209agJFxE3BDZzzCS2uv39lKyBTtvFNSUFxk$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Thu Apr 23 19:57:30 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 231957
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    357 PM EDT Thu Apr 23 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Thu Apr 23 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 24 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN THE CENTRAL
    PLAINS AND UPPER MIDWEST...

    16Z update... Lines of thunderstorms are still expected to pass
    through the Mississippi Valley and Central/Southern Plains
    producing rainfall rates up to 2.5 inches/hour. Storm motion will
    be fairly progressive through this period so it may limit the
    overall risk to any particular location. Recent rains across the
    Upper Mississippi Valley/Upper Midwest has had time to absorb lower
    within the soil column allowing the top few inches to dry out.
    Parts of Wisconsin and surrounding areas may be more sensitive to
    flash flooding and stream rises should the storm speed slow or
    rates increase. At this time a Marginal still seems appropriate for
    the setup and risk level, only adjustment made was to extend the
    northern boundary to the International border of northeast
    Minnesota.

    Campbell

    Convection is expected to blossom this afternoon along and ahead of
    a cold front in the Central U.S. The warm sector ahead of the front
    should be characterized by an overlap of moderate instability (1000
    to 2000 j/kg MLCAPE) and anomalously high moisture content (1.0 to
    1.5 inch PWATs; near or above the 90th percentile for late April).
    The combination of instability and moisture should support heavy
    rain rates in organized convection in excess of 1 inch per hour at
    times. The main limiting factor for higher rainfall totals over the
    entire forecast period, and any impacts from flash flooding, should
    be a lack of persistence to the high rain rates in a given spot.

    =46rom the I-70 corridor to the north, lines of thunderstorms are
    expected to be relatively narrow and steadily progress, given the
    deep layer shear vectors will be oriented closer to perpendicular
    with the cold front. Therefore, despite some pockets of lower flash
    flood guidance (around or just under 2 inches in 3 hours), and
    recent wet pattern in parts of the region, the heaviest rain rates
    should not last very long and the flash flood risk is expected to
    remain isolated. Furthermore, instability diminishes rapidly around
    sunset, so rain intensity should drop off within about 6 hours of
    convective initiation. It should be noted this assessment does not
    necessarily apply to other flooding risks in the region: ongoing
    mainstream river flooding, or potential for rain and snowmelt
    flooding in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. For more details on
    those flooding hazards, refer to the National Water Center.

    Further south, the pattern will be more supportive of backbuilding
    and training convection, especially this evening and overnight from
    southeast Kansas into northeast Oklahoma and the Ozark region of
    southwest Missouri and northwest Arkansas. As the low level jet
    veers and an upstream instability maximum persists in eastern
    Oklahoma, hi-res models uniformly show a band of thunderstorms
    becoming increasingly east-west oriented, more parallel to the deep
    layer shear vector. Nevertheless, they all also show steady
    progression to the southeast with some cold pool development, and a
    lack of rainfall maxima in excess of 3 inches. Therefore, the risk
    of flash flooding is currently expected to be isolated, but the
    situation will be monitored in case a targeted Slight Risk is
    needed later today.

    Lamers

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Fri Apr 24 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 25 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN THE MID SOUTH...

    21Z update... A minor southeast nudge was made to the northwest
    side of the Marginal into Arkansas and a southeast nudge further
    into central Mississippi and western Alabama was made to reflect
    the latest trends and WPC QPF. There is an increasing signal for
    some of the heaviest rainfall to focus near/along the Arkansas and
    Mississippi border and surrounding counties. Consensus maintains
    rainfall rates of 1 to 2 inches/hour however the NAM Conest had a
    few hours where rates pulsed upwards of 4 inches/hour (possibly
    outflow enhanced) as cells approached far southeast Arkansas.

    Campbell

    A convective cluster or backbuilding convective line may be ongoing
    on Friday morning -- most likely across northern Arkansas based on
    00Z HREF EAS probabilities -- with the potential for additional
    convective clusters to develop through the day across the region.
    Updated WPC QPF places the heaviest rainfall across Arkansas,
    northern Mississippi, and far northern Louisiana, and this is where
    the Marginal Risk area was re-centered. There is some uncertainty
    on where the heaviest rain will fall, as it should be tied in some
    way to convective outflow from morning and early afternoon
    activity. The warm sector to the south and southeast of that should
    have a combination of moderate instability and precipitable water
    close to 1.5 inches (around the 90th percentile for late April).
    That sort of environment would support rain rates of 1 to 2 inches
    per hour in organized convection, which could lead to isolated
    flash flooding where backbuilding and training occurs.

    Lamers

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Sat Apr 25 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 26 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN SOUTHEAST
    KANSAS, SOUTHWEST MISSOURI, EASTERN OKLAHOMA, AND WESTERN ARKANSAS...

    21Z update... A very minor northwest to southeast orientated
    expansion was made to the Marginal Risk. The latest guidance
    continues to vary where the heaviest rainfall will setup, however
    this is some overlap over eastern Oklahoma and western Arkansas. In
    general areal averages are in the 1 to 2 inch range with the
    potential for isolated maxes of 3 to 4 inches.

    Campbell

    Available deep moisture in the southern Plains on Saturday should
    be lower than prior days across the region, with model forecast
    soundings indicating the potential for dry air from 800-600mb
    associated with an elevated mixed layer. This would likely restrict
    any excessive rainfall and flash flooding concerns to the isolated
    variety. Nevertheless, strong instability and vertical wind shear
    should support supercells evolving into convective lines. There is
    not a consistent signal for concentrated areas of heavy rain, but
    with the expected convective modes, localized areas of longer heavy
    rain duration are possible via storm mergers and some upshear cell
    development. Any corridors of heavy rain on Thursday or Friday
    could also locally increase soil moisture and vulnerability to
    another round of heavy rain. Therefore, the Marginal Risk was
    maintained for Saturday and Saturday Night.

    Lamers


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!8w1pjmiP75P_lan5lTEx0fc1NJNOYD1LzG_IcAehRUWV= X_pPpXATSQF2utAvZYvbb6E7do79Q7geQm17GOX4cC0x60I$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!8w1pjmiP75P_lan5lTEx0fc1NJNOYD1LzG_IcAehRUWV= X_pPpXATSQF2utAvZYvbb6E7do79Q7geQm17GOX45Z_-DSA$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!8w1pjmiP75P_lan5lTEx0fc1NJNOYD1LzG_IcAehRUWV= X_pPpXATSQF2utAvZYvbb6E7do79Q7geQm17GOX473ei7cc$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Fri Apr 24 00:49:44 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 240049
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    849 PM EDT Thu Apr 23 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 01Z Fri Apr 24 2026 - 12Z Fri Apr 24 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN THE CENTRAL
    PLAINS AND UPPER MIDWEST...

    01Z update...Only changes to the on-going Excessive Rainfall
    Outlook was to fit the western boundary of the Marginal Risk area
    to latest satellite and radar imagery. Within the Marginal Risk
    area...there two areas of somewhat heightened attention. One area
    extending from northeast Iowa into western Wisconsin as well as a
    portion of nearby eastern Minnesota where confluent flow into the=20
    region ahead of an advancing squall line could result in multiple=20
    rounds of convective rainfall late this evening into the overnight=20
    hours. The primary limiting factor here is the CAPE which is fairly
    modest. Also in play is the multiple rounds of convection which=20
    are likely to offset the progressive nature of individual cells=20
    across an area that has hydrologic sensitivity. Farther south from=20
    southeast Kansas into northern Oklahoma...where the development of=20
    a low level jet later feeding into the southern end of a line of=20
    convection later this evening/overnight hours may result in=20
    localized 1 to 2 inch per hour rainfall rates and 1 to 3 inch=20
    rainfall totals with an associated risk of isolated flash flooding.

    Bann

    16Z update... Lines of thunderstorms are still expected to pass
    through the Mississippi Valley and Central/Southern Plains
    producing rainfall rates up to 2.5 inches/hour. Storm motion will
    be fairly progressive through this period so it may limit the
    overall risk to any particular location. Recent rains across the
    Upper Mississippi Valley/Upper Midwest has had time to absorb lower
    within the soil column allowing the top few inches to dry out.
    Parts of Wisconsin and surrounding areas may be more sensitive to
    flash flooding and stream rises should the storm speed slow or
    rates increase. At this time a Marginal still seems appropriate for
    the setup and risk level, only adjustment made was to extend the
    northern boundary to the International border of northeast
    Minnesota.

    Campbell

    Convection is expected to blossom this afternoon along and ahead of
    a cold front in the Central U.S. The warm sector ahead of the front
    should be characterized by an overlap of moderate instability (1000
    to 2000 j/kg MLCAPE) and anomalously high moisture content (1.0 to
    1.5 inch PWATs; near or above the 90th percentile for late April).
    The combination of instability and moisture should support heavy
    rain rates in organized convection in excess of 1 inch per hour at
    times. The main limiting factor for higher rainfall totals over the
    entire forecast period, and any impacts from flash flooding, should
    be a lack of persistence to the high rain rates in a given spot.

    =46rom the I-70 corridor to the north, lines of thunderstorms are
    expected to be relatively narrow and steadily progress, given the
    deep layer shear vectors will be oriented closer to perpendicular
    with the cold front. Therefore, despite some pockets of lower flash
    flood guidance (around or just under 2 inches in 3 hours), and
    recent wet pattern in parts of the region, the heaviest rain rates
    should not last very long and the flash flood risk is expected to
    remain isolated. Furthermore, instability diminishes rapidly around
    sunset, so rain intensity should drop off within about 6 hours of
    convective initiation. It should be noted this assessment does not
    necessarily apply to other flooding risks in the region: ongoing
    mainstream river flooding, or potential for rain and snowmelt
    flooding in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. For more details on
    those flooding hazards, refer to the National Water Center.

    Further south, the pattern will be more supportive of backbuilding
    and training convection, especially this evening and overnight from
    southeast Kansas into northeast Oklahoma and the Ozark region of
    southwest Missouri and northwest Arkansas. As the low level jet
    veers and an upstream instability maximum persists in eastern
    Oklahoma, hi-res models uniformly show a band of thunderstorms
    becoming increasingly east-west oriented, more parallel to the deep
    layer shear vector. Nevertheless, they all also show steady
    progression to the southeast with some cold pool development, and a
    lack of rainfall maxima in excess of 3 inches. Therefore, the risk
    of flash flooding is currently expected to be isolated, but the
    situation will be monitored in case a targeted Slight Risk is
    needed later today.

    Lamers

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Fri Apr 24 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 25 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN THE MID SOUTH...

    21Z update... A minor southeast nudge was made to the northwest
    side of the Marginal into Arkansas and a southeast nudge further
    into central Mississippi and western Alabama was made to reflect
    the latest trends and WPC QPF. There is an increasing signal for
    some of the heaviest rainfall to focus near/along the Arkansas and
    Mississippi border and surrounding counties. Consensus maintains
    rainfall rates of 1 to 2 inches/hour however the NAM Conest had a
    few hours where rates pulsed upwards of 4 inches/hour (possibly
    outflow enhanced) as cells approached far southeast Arkansas.

    Campbell

    A convective cluster or backbuilding convective line may be ongoing
    on Friday morning -- most likely across northern Arkansas based on
    00Z HREF EAS probabilities -- with the potential for additional
    convective clusters to develop through the day across the region.
    Updated WPC QPF places the heaviest rainfall across Arkansas,
    northern Mississippi, and far northern Louisiana, and this is where
    the Marginal Risk area was re-centered. There is some uncertainty
    on where the heaviest rain will fall, as it should be tied in some
    way to convective outflow from morning and early afternoon
    activity. The warm sector to the south and southeast of that should
    have a combination of moderate instability and precipitable water
    close to 1.5 inches (around the 90th percentile for late April).
    That sort of environment would support rain rates of 1 to 2 inches
    per hour in organized convection, which could lead to isolated
    flash flooding where backbuilding and training occurs.

    Lamers

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Sat Apr 25 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 26 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN SOUTHEAST
    KANSAS, SOUTHWEST MISSOURI, EASTERN OKLAHOMA, AND WESTERN ARKANSAS...

    21Z update... A very minor northwest to southeast orientated
    expansion was made to the Marginal Risk. The latest guidance
    continues to vary where the heaviest rainfall will setup, however
    this is some overlap over eastern Oklahoma and western Arkansas. In
    general areal averages are in the 1 to 2 inch range with the
    potential for isolated maxes of 3 to 4 inches.

    Campbell

    Available deep moisture in the southern Plains on Saturday should
    be lower than prior days across the region, with model forecast
    soundings indicating the potential for dry air from 800-600mb
    associated with an elevated mixed layer. This would likely restrict
    any excessive rainfall and flash flooding concerns to the isolated
    variety. Nevertheless, strong instability and vertical wind shear
    should support supercells evolving into convective lines. There is
    not a consistent signal for concentrated areas of heavy rain, but
    with the expected convective modes, localized areas of longer heavy
    rain duration are possible via storm mergers and some upshear cell
    development. Any corridors of heavy rain on Thursday or Friday
    could also locally increase soil moisture and vulnerability to
    another round of heavy rain. Therefore, the Marginal Risk was
    maintained for Saturday and Saturday Night.

    Lamers


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!-QqyOPme_wrXj3oQUyq6MW6OHWzbol1CrDe6bga5_7Ps= I4ZpMJUmbs-4ymWL9XoBxhgzDQAnCyzpuJ-doI-NkdmnGy4$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!-QqyOPme_wrXj3oQUyq6MW6OHWzbol1CrDe6bga5_7Ps= I4ZpMJUmbs-4ymWL9XoBxhgzDQAnCyzpuJ-doI-Na2L5iBA$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!-QqyOPme_wrXj3oQUyq6MW6OHWzbol1CrDe6bga5_7Ps= I4ZpMJUmbs-4ymWL9XoBxhgzDQAnCyzpuJ-doI-N3A3lLsQ$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Fri Apr 24 07:50:43 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 240750
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    350 AM EDT Fri Apr 24 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 12Z Fri Apr 24 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 25 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN THE MID SOUTH...

    A convective line that had stalled over northern Oklahoma between
    02Z and 06Z has recently shown signs of slow forward progress. This
    increases confidence in the general evolution depicted in the 00Z
    hi-res model guidance suite, which shows the line reaching northern
    Arkansas and east-central Oklahoma by the start of the forecast
    period at 12Z Friday, and continuing southeast through much of
    central and eastern Arkansas through the daytime hours.

    The end result should be an increasingly stable air mass and
    widespread cloud cover over those same portions of Arkansas, and=20
    adjacent southern Missouri and western Tennessee, associated with=20
    gradually decaying convection, a cold pool and surface meso-high.=20
    For these reasons, and trends to the southwest with the heaviest=20 precipitation in both hi-res and AI guidance, the Marginal Risk has
    been shifted likewise. A reinvigoration of convection in the=20
    afternoon and evening is most likely on the upshear flank of the=20
    cold pool with west-southwesterly low level inflow and an upstream=20
    reservoir of strong instability. The potential exists for periods=20
    of training convection along and near the existing outflow boundary
    (likely on the order of 1-3 hours), which may provide=20
    opportunities for localized corridors of heavy rainfall with 1-2=20
    inch per hour rain rates, and resulting flash flooding. The precise
    placement remains somewhat uncertain, so the Marginal Risk remains
    relatively broad to account for a variety of scenarios. In
    particular, the risk area was fanned out a bit more to the north
    and west than deterministic WPC QPF would imply, because of the
    relatively slow pace of the ongoing convection and the very common
    northeast placement bias in this sort of mesoscale setup
    respectively.

    Lamers

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Sat Apr 25 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 26 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FROM THE ARKLATEX
    REGION INTO EASTERN OKLAHOMA AND SOUTHEAST KANSAS...

    It seems likely that scattered thunderstorms will develop on
    Saturday afternoon in a corridor of strong instability across the
    Southern Plains. However, there remains considerable uncertainty as
    to the position of surface boundaries and the northward extent of
    the strongest instability. Despite model guidance depicting a
    variety of mesoscale scenarios, most models do show organized
    convective clusters pushing southeast along the 1000-500mb
    thickness gradient into the evening and overnight hours. This
    motion could allow for some training and areas of locally heavy
    rainfall; the strong instability and PWs of 1.2 to 1.5 inches would
    support 1-2 inch per hour rain rates. If those rain rates can be
    sustained for a couple hours, localized flash flooding would be
    possible. For now the Marginal Risk was maintained as model
    guidance does not really show any extended duration of training at
    this point, and there is not enough model agreement to identify a
    preferred corridor for heavy rainfall.

    Lamers

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Sun Apr 26 2026 - 12Z Mon Apr 27 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN THE CENTRAL
    PLAINS AND OZARKS...

    Strong cyclogenesis in the central Plains on Sunday will facilitate
    significant northward moisture transport and a more expansive area
    of thunderstorm activity stretching from the Dakotas south toward
    Arkansas. The stronger signal for heavy rain exists further north
    where stronger synoptic forcing and mid-upper level height falls
    will be focused. However, instability is expected to be more
    limited in those areas. Nevertheless, the combination of moderate
    instability with PWs exceeding 1 inch and potential for more
    persistence of rain and thunderstorms could yield localized flash
    flooding. Further south, stronger instability could support higher
    rain rates, but weaker forcing overall may keep convection
    scattered and reduce opportunities for training and focused
    corridors of heavy rainfall. Some portions of Kansas, Missouri,
    Oklahoma, and Arkansas will likely have experienced substantial
    rainfall in the preceding several days, and so may be more prone to
    runoff issues if organized thunderstorms are more persistent. The
    expected tradeoffs between convective coverage and available
    instability, with respect to the overall flash flood threat, only
    merit a broad Marginal Risk at this time.

    Lamers


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!_XGDQL_6CIM8Z9M81zqIBU5mOGEiSjXxgrF3B447lVgc= Qjy19RpAumhGOPHJuRX1e38yRuw_tgJyGw4B3qb5caKQgHw$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!_XGDQL_6CIM8Z9M81zqIBU5mOGEiSjXxgrF3B447lVgc= Qjy19RpAumhGOPHJuRX1e38yRuw_tgJyGw4B3qb5Xhcfmxc$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!_XGDQL_6CIM8Z9M81zqIBU5mOGEiSjXxgrF3B447lVgc= Qjy19RpAumhGOPHJuRX1e38yRuw_tgJyGw4B3qb5AIcP9h4$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Fri Apr 24 15:59:55 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 241559
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    1159 AM EDT Fri Apr 24 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Fri Apr 24 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 25 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN THE MID SOUTH...

    16Z update... A MCS will support reinvigoration of convection
    across Oklahoma and Arkansas during the afternoon and evening=20
    hours, most likely on the upshear flank of the cold pool with=20 west-southwesterly low level inflow and an upstream reservoir of=20
    strong instability. The latest CAMs maintain a several hours of NW
    to SE tracking cells that pulsate up to 2 inches/hour while=20
    tracking central and southern Arkansas. Local terrain may lead to
    additional enhancement. Soil saturation across this part of
    Arkansas has been drier of late which does limit the scale of=20
    flash flooding risk. At this time a Slight Risk was not raised and
    the inherited Marginal Risk was maintained with no adjustments.

    Campbell

    A convective line that had stalled over northern Oklahoma between
    02Z and 06Z has recently shown signs of slow forward progress. This
    increases confidence in the general evolution depicted in the 00Z
    hi-res model guidance suite, which shows the line reaching northern
    Arkansas and east-central Oklahoma by the start of the forecast
    period at 12Z Friday, and continuing southeast through much of
    central and eastern Arkansas through the daytime hours.

    The end result should be an increasingly stable air mass and
    widespread cloud cover over those same portions of Arkansas, and
    adjacent southern Missouri and western Tennessee, associated with
    gradually decaying convection, a cold pool and surface meso-high.
    For these reasons, and trends to the southwest with the heaviest
    precipitation in both hi-res and AI guidance, the Marginal Risk has
    been shifted likewise. A reinvigoration of convection in the
    afternoon and evening is most likely on the upshear flank of the
    cold pool with west-southwesterly low level inflow and an upstream
    reservoir of strong instability. The potential exists for periods
    of training convection along and near the existing outflow boundary
    (likely on the order of 1-3 hours), which may provide
    opportunities for localized corridors of heavy rainfall with 1-2
    inch per hour rain rates, and resulting flash flooding. The precise
    placement remains somewhat uncertain, so the Marginal Risk remains
    relatively broad to account for a variety of scenarios. In
    particular, the risk area was fanned out a bit more to the north
    and west than deterministic WPC QPF would imply, because of the
    relatively slow pace of the ongoing convection and the very common
    northeast placement bias in this sort of mesoscale setup
    respectively.

    Lamers

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Sat Apr 25 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 26 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FROM THE ARKLATEX
    REGION INTO EASTERN OKLAHOMA AND SOUTHEAST KANSAS...

    It seems likely that scattered thunderstorms will develop on
    Saturday afternoon in a corridor of strong instability across the
    Southern Plains. However, there remains considerable uncertainty as
    to the position of surface boundaries and the northward extent of
    the strongest instability. Despite model guidance depicting a
    variety of mesoscale scenarios, most models do show organized
    convective clusters pushing southeast along the 1000-500mb
    thickness gradient into the evening and overnight hours. This
    motion could allow for some training and areas of locally heavy
    rainfall; the strong instability and PWs of 1.2 to 1.5 inches would
    support 1-2 inch per hour rain rates. If those rain rates can be
    sustained for a couple hours, localized flash flooding would be
    possible. For now the Marginal Risk was maintained as model
    guidance does not really show any extended duration of training at
    this point, and there is not enough model agreement to identify a
    preferred corridor for heavy rainfall.

    Lamers

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Sun Apr 26 2026 - 12Z Mon Apr 27 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN THE CENTRAL
    PLAINS AND OZARKS...

    Strong cyclogenesis in the central Plains on Sunday will facilitate
    significant northward moisture transport and a more expansive area
    of thunderstorm activity stretching from the Dakotas south toward
    Arkansas. The stronger signal for heavy rain exists further north
    where stronger synoptic forcing and mid-upper level height falls
    will be focused. However, instability is expected to be more
    limited in those areas. Nevertheless, the combination of moderate
    instability with PWs exceeding 1 inch and potential for more
    persistence of rain and thunderstorms could yield localized flash
    flooding. Further south, stronger instability could support higher
    rain rates, but weaker forcing overall may keep convection
    scattered and reduce opportunities for training and focused
    corridors of heavy rainfall. Some portions of Kansas, Missouri,
    Oklahoma, and Arkansas will likely have experienced substantial
    rainfall in the preceding several days, and so may be more prone to
    runoff issues if organized thunderstorms are more persistent. The
    expected tradeoffs between convective coverage and available
    instability, with respect to the overall flash flood threat, only
    merit a broad Marginal Risk at this time.

    Lamers


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5W8p6YyHUghz5-NFWtmvyDBLRWEGyHBbw-O4LfyY6oWa= SclvT4zrv6XcCIo1E3A9tRn4HRhJhbWe0OUqgxB9blSehlQ$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5W8p6YyHUghz5-NFWtmvyDBLRWEGyHBbw-O4LfyY6oWa= SclvT4zrv6XcCIo1E3A9tRn4HRhJhbWe0OUqgxB925HjKQU$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5W8p6YyHUghz5-NFWtmvyDBLRWEGyHBbw-O4LfyY6oWa= SclvT4zrv6XcCIo1E3A9tRn4HRhJhbWe0OUqgxB9-8IxjnI$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Fri Apr 24 20:25:35 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 242025
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    425 PM EDT Fri Apr 24 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Fri Apr 24 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 25 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN THE MID SOUTH...

    16Z update... A MCS will support reinvigoration of convection
    across Oklahoma and Arkansas during the afternoon and evening
    hours, most likely on the upshear flank of the cold pool with west-southwesterly low level inflow and an upstream reservoir of
    strong instability. The latest CAMs maintain a several hours of NW
    to SE tracking cells that pulsate up to 2 inches/hour while
    tracking central and southern Arkansas. Local terrain may lead to
    additional enhancement. Soil saturation across this part of
    Arkansas has been drier of late which does limit the scale of
    flash flooding risk. At this time a Slight Risk was not raised and
    the inherited Marginal Risk was maintained with no adjustments.

    Campbell

    A convective line that had stalled over northern Oklahoma between
    02Z and 06Z has recently shown signs of slow forward progress. This
    increases confidence in the general evolution depicted in the 00Z
    hi-res model guidance suite, which shows the line reaching northern
    Arkansas and east-central Oklahoma by the start of the forecast
    period at 12Z Friday, and continuing southeast through much of
    central and eastern Arkansas through the daytime hours.

    The end result should be an increasingly stable air mass and
    widespread cloud cover over those same portions of Arkansas, and
    adjacent southern Missouri and western Tennessee, associated with
    gradually decaying convection, a cold pool and surface meso-high.
    For these reasons, and trends to the southwest with the heaviest
    precipitation in both hi-res and AI guidance, the Marginal Risk has
    been shifted likewise. A reinvigoration of convection in the
    afternoon and evening is most likely on the upshear flank of the
    cold pool with west-southwesterly low level inflow and an upstream
    reservoir of strong instability. The potential exists for periods
    of training convection along and near the existing outflow boundary
    (likely on the order of 1-3 hours), which may provide
    opportunities for localized corridors of heavy rainfall with 1-2
    inch per hour rain rates, and resulting flash flooding. The precise
    placement remains somewhat uncertain, so the Marginal Risk remains
    relatively broad to account for a variety of scenarios. In
    particular, the risk area was fanned out a bit more to the north
    and west than deterministic WPC QPF would imply, because of the
    relatively slow pace of the ongoing convection and the very common
    northeast placement bias in this sort of mesoscale setup
    respectively.

    Lamers

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Sat Apr 25 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 26 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FROM THE ARKLATEX
    REGION INTO EASTERN OKLAHOMA AND SOUTHEAST KANSAS...

    21Z update... Consensus maintains a QPF footprint with a general=20
    axis of orientation of NW to SE spanning from southeast Kansas to=20
    northern Louisiana. Latest trends and WPC QPF did increase amounts
    modestly for portions of southern Arkansas and northern Louisiana
    which helped support the need for a minor expansion of the Marginal
    Risk area over this part of the region. Neighborhood probabilities
    show up to 10% for exceeding 3 inches in the vicinity of the
    borders of Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas.=20

    Campbell

    It seems likely that scattered thunderstorms will develop on
    Saturday afternoon in a corridor of strong instability across the
    Southern Plains. However, there remains considerable uncertainty as
    to the position of surface boundaries and the northward extent of
    the strongest instability. Despite model guidance depicting a
    variety of mesoscale scenarios, most models do show organized
    convective clusters pushing southeast along the 1000-500mb
    thickness gradient into the evening and overnight hours. This
    motion could allow for some training and areas of locally heavy
    rainfall; the strong instability and PWs of 1.2 to 1.5 inches would
    support 1-2 inch per hour rain rates. If those rain rates can be
    sustained for a couple hours, localized flash flooding would be
    possible. For now the Marginal Risk was maintained as model
    guidance does not really show any extended duration of training at
    this point, and there is not enough model agreement to identify a
    preferred corridor for heavy rainfall.

    Lamers

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Sun Apr 26 2026 - 12Z Mon Apr 27 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN THE CENTRAL
    PLAINS AND OZARKS...

    21Z update... Very minor westward expansion of the Marginal was
    made across central North Dakota and Nebraska to reflect the modest
    western shift of the QPF footprint in the Plains. Still expecting a
    more broad area of rainfall from South Dakota/Minnesota to the
    Lower Mississippi Valley in NW to SE axis.

    Campbell

    Strong cyclogenesis in the central Plains on Sunday will facilitate
    significant northward moisture transport and a more expansive area
    of thunderstorm activity stretching from the Dakotas south toward
    Arkansas. The stronger signal for heavy rain exists further north
    where stronger synoptic forcing and mid-upper level height falls
    will be focused. However, instability is expected to be more
    limited in those areas. Nevertheless, the combination of moderate
    instability with PWs exceeding 1 inch and potential for more
    persistence of rain and thunderstorms could yield localized flash
    flooding. Further south, stronger instability could support higher
    rain rates, but weaker forcing overall may keep convection
    scattered and reduce opportunities for training and focused
    corridors of heavy rainfall. Some portions of Kansas, Missouri,
    Oklahoma, and Arkansas will likely have experienced substantial
    rainfall in the preceding several days, and so may be more prone to
    runoff issues if organized thunderstorms are more persistent. The
    expected tradeoffs between convective coverage and available
    instability, with respect to the overall flash flood threat, only
    merit a broad Marginal Risk at this time.

    Lamers


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5QVxn8sc98ZXyUPqCYl3Azj1VEek_sqS0lnkowx-T01R= IreFuSqj51HZTW-BxMzOST6o-UCS0rEOe5gYdVqpOBqRe9E$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5QVxn8sc98ZXyUPqCYl3Azj1VEek_sqS0lnkowx-T01R= IreFuSqj51HZTW-BxMzOST6o-UCS0rEOe5gYdVqpHrWyBJ8$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5QVxn8sc98ZXyUPqCYl3Azj1VEek_sqS0lnkowx-T01R= IreFuSqj51HZTW-BxMzOST6o-UCS0rEOe5gYdVqpnV52zgo$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Sat Apr 25 00:21:52 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 250021
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    821 PM EDT Fri Apr 24 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 01Z Sat Apr 25 2026 - 12Z Sat Apr 25 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN PARTS OF THE
    SOUTHERN PLAINS AND LOWER MISSISSIPPI VALLEY....

    There is a Marginal Risk of excessive rainfall along and ahead of a
    cold front this evening into the overnight hours from portions of
    the Southern Plains into the Lower Mississippi Valley.
    Thunderstorms initially over the southeastern portion of Oklahoma=20
    should continue to build southeastward overnight into an airmass=20 characterized by precipitable water values around 1.6 inches and=20
    mixed layer CAPE around 1000 K per kg. This was close to the area=20
    where the latest CAMs and the HREF/RRFS ensembles were showing 10=20
    to 25 percent neighborhood probabilities of greater than 3 inch=20
    rainfall amounts in less than 6 hours through 25/09Z. Given the=20
    recent dry antecedent conditions and the progressive nature of the
    convection contributed to the decision to hold at a Marginal Risk=20
    and not introduce a Slight Risk area. The biggest change was to=20
    expand the Marginal Risk area into northern Louisiana and into=20
    Mississippi.

    Bann


    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Sat Apr 25 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 26 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FROM THE ARKLATEX
    REGION INTO EASTERN OKLAHOMA AND SOUTHEAST KANSAS...

    21Z update... Consensus maintains a QPF footprint with a general
    axis of orientation of NW to SE spanning from southeast Kansas to
    northern Louisiana. Latest trends and WPC QPF did increase amounts
    modestly for portions of southern Arkansas and northern Louisiana
    which helped support the need for a minor expansion of the Marginal
    Risk area over this part of the region. Neighborhood probabilities
    show up to 10% for exceeding 3 inches in the vicinity of the
    borders of Oklahoma, Texas, and Arkansas.

    Campbell

    It seems likely that scattered thunderstorms will develop on
    Saturday afternoon in a corridor of strong instability across the
    Southern Plains. However, there remains considerable uncertainty as
    to the position of surface boundaries and the northward extent of
    the strongest instability. Despite model guidance depicting a
    variety of mesoscale scenarios, most models do show organized
    convective clusters pushing southeast along the 1000-500mb
    thickness gradient into the evening and overnight hours. This
    motion could allow for some training and areas of locally heavy
    rainfall; the strong instability and PWs of 1.2 to 1.5 inches would
    support 1-2 inch per hour rain rates. If those rain rates can be
    sustained for a couple hours, localized flash flooding would be
    possible. For now the Marginal Risk was maintained as model
    guidance does not really show any extended duration of training at
    this point, and there is not enough model agreement to identify a
    preferred corridor for heavy rainfall.

    Lamers

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Sun Apr 26 2026 - 12Z Mon Apr 27 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN THE CENTRAL
    PLAINS AND OZARKS...

    21Z update... Very minor westward expansion of the Marginal was
    made across central North Dakota and Nebraska to reflect the modest
    western shift of the QPF footprint in the Plains. Still expecting a
    more broad area of rainfall from South Dakota/Minnesota to the
    Lower Mississippi Valley in NW to SE axis.

    Campbell

    Strong cyclogenesis in the central Plains on Sunday will facilitate
    significant northward moisture transport and a more expansive area
    of thunderstorm activity stretching from the Dakotas south toward
    Arkansas. The stronger signal for heavy rain exists further north
    where stronger synoptic forcing and mid-upper level height falls
    will be focused. However, instability is expected to be more
    limited in those areas. Nevertheless, the combination of moderate
    instability with PWs exceeding 1 inch and potential for more
    persistence of rain and thunderstorms could yield localized flash
    flooding. Further south, stronger instability could support higher
    rain rates, but weaker forcing overall may keep convection
    scattered and reduce opportunities for training and focused
    corridors of heavy rainfall. Some portions of Kansas, Missouri,
    Oklahoma, and Arkansas will likely have experienced substantial
    rainfall in the preceding several days, and so may be more prone to
    runoff issues if organized thunderstorms are more persistent. The
    expected tradeoffs between convective coverage and available
    instability, with respect to the overall flash flood threat, only
    merit a broad Marginal Risk at this time.

    Lamers


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5b_xBE_hcdbyYD3MJXba2KXu95aamJK0jw8sTxGqcxjC= wODA00Zl3JZQzGxycHJoMN2knuVroKoQGbl5hCevqjbM80c$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5b_xBE_hcdbyYD3MJXba2KXu95aamJK0jw8sTxGqcxjC= wODA00Zl3JZQzGxycHJoMN2knuVroKoQGbl5hCevzUmg0m4$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!5b_xBE_hcdbyYD3MJXba2KXu95aamJK0jw8sTxGqcxjC= wODA00Zl3JZQzGxycHJoMN2knuVroKoQGbl5hCevtvlYYNk$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Sat Apr 25 07:51:20 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 250751
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    351 AM EDT Sat Apr 25 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 12Z Sat Apr 25 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 26 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FROM THE ARKLATEX
    REGION INTO EASTERN OKLAHOMA AND SOUTHEAST KANSAS...

    Very strong instability is likely to develop later today across the
    southern Plains as a consequence of considerable northward moisture
    advection. Convective initiation may be delayed until around or
    after 00Z as it will take time to erode an inversion. Eventually
    this is expected to give way to scattered supercells, which should
    then grow into convective clusters and progress to the southeast
    during the overnight hours. The environment will be supportive of
    heavy rain rates to around 2 inches per hour with PW values around
    1.5 inches (90th percentile for late April in the region). Flash=20
    flooding would be possible where these rain rates can be sustained=20
    for a couple hours; that would be most likely to occur via cell=20
    mergers leading to brief periods of training.=20

    A targeted upgrade to a Slight Risk may be needed later today, as
    there is a chance for more focused training and backbuilding along
    a composite outflow boundary and warm front that will gradually be
    pushing north into southeast Oklahoma and southwest Arkansas. While
    models have come into better agreement on the location of this
    boundary, and the relatively strong low-level convergence
    associated with it, many models also show somewhat limited
    convective coverage, which would reduce opportunities for training
    and a focused corridor of heavy rainfall. If greater development
    along and near the boundary becomes apparent, the alignment of
    shear vectors with the boundary orientation would increase the risk
    of flash flooding and may warrant an upgrade.

    Another area of higher QPF values (1-2 inches) is forecast from=20
    the Poconos into the greater New York City area today and tonight.
    This area was not outlooked in the ERO as the rain is expected via
    steady light-moderate rain for much of the day, with a lack of=20
    instability and chances of even 0.5 inch per hour rain rates=20
    negligible to nil. Therefore, any impacts from the rain would not=20
    be expected to be of the flash flood variety.

    Lamers

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Sun Apr 26 2026 - 12Z Mon Apr 27 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN THE CENTRAL=20
    PLAINS...

    Strong cyclogenesis in the central Plains on Sunday will facilitate
    significant northward moisture transport and a more expansive area
    of thunderstorm activity in the region. The most notable change to
    the existing outlook was to reduce the size of the Marginal Risk=20
    and focus it more directly in the Central Plains. That is where the
    forcing is expected to be strongest: the left exit region of an=20
    upper level jet and strong positive vorticity advection. Further=20
    south, in Oklahoma and Arkansas, the trend in QPF guidance has been
    drier, with expectations for weaker forcing and less favorable=20
    low-level lapse rates associated with a warm nose. Some models keep
    areas that far south almost completely dry now; therefore the=20
    Marginal Risk has been removed and focused further north. Where the
    risk area still exists, the primary question at this point will be
    the amount of available instability. More unstable scenarios could
    support convective clusters with higher rain rates (in excess of 1
    inch per hour) that could lead to isolated flash flooding.=20
    Scenarios with less instability could limit rain rates. Given these uncertainties, expect further refinement of the outlook in=20
    subsequent updates. Although some potential for heavy rain exists
    from central Nebraska into central South Dakota in some guidance,
    flash flood guidance is much higher in those locations, so the
    northwest extent of the Marginal Risk was constrained by the
    presence of less favorable soil conditions.

    Lamers

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Mon Apr 27 2026 - 12Z Tue Apr 28 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL OVER NORTHERN
    ILLINOIS AND FAR SOUTHERN WISCONSIN...

    A deep cyclone will continue to make steady progress northeastward
    on Monday from the central Plains into the western Great Lakes. A
    broad 50-60 knot low-level jet to the east of the cyclone and
    accompanying cold front will continue significant northward
    moisture transport with 1 inch PW likely to extend to the Canadian
    border and 1.5 inch PW potentially reaching to southern Wisconsin.
    This would place most of the Mississippi Valley firmly in the
    90-95th percentile for PW in late April. This will support=20
    relatively high rain rates in the abundant convection expected=20
    along and ahead of the aforementioned cold front. This is reflected
    in a broad Marginal Risk over much of the Middle and Upper=20
    Mississippi Valley. The risk is held at that level for most of the=20
    region due to the expectation for relatively narrow squall lines=20
    forced by the cold front as the primary contributer to rainfall=20
    over the 24-hour period. Those squall lines should steadily (or=20
    even rapidly) advance eastward and that would limit the duration=20
    of heavy rainfall at any one location. Rain rates will be high=20
    enough that isolated flash flooding is still possible.

    A Slight Risk was introduced in a small area of northern Illinois=20
    and far southern Wisconsin where there is an overlap of higher=20
    probabilities of 2+ inch rainfall (25-40 percent per NBM v5.0) and
    anomalously high streamflow and soil moisture due to significant=20
    rainfall over the past couple weeks. While the risk of flash=20
    flooding is slightly higher in these areas, the same limitation of=20 relatively fast progression of thunderstorms described above still=20
    applies. Additionally, there is some uncertainty about the degree=20
    of instability this far north; an easterly component to the low-=20
    level flow may advect more stable air from the cool Lake Michigan=20
    into adjacent land areas. Models that embrace that scenario tend to
    show a rapid decay of convection as it progresses east into=20
    southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois, so this will need to be=20
    monitored as details come into focus. Nevertheless, enough signal=20
    for heavy rainfall exists in an area of increased vulnerability to=20
    justify higher ERO probabilities with this update.

    Lamers


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!-1Lpm7nldvWvGYjkakE2HZNj_u2wGslTUc5hLgsBE3MI= dNJNs1OKjhSFq4NVImHz2Rxwrx9fydQsPOgDK2oc5EH4QFU$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!-1Lpm7nldvWvGYjkakE2HZNj_u2wGslTUc5hLgsBE3MI= dNJNs1OKjhSFq4NVImHz2Rxwrx9fydQsPOgDK2ocZpGkuW0$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!-1Lpm7nldvWvGYjkakE2HZNj_u2wGslTUc5hLgsBE3MI= dNJNs1OKjhSFq4NVImHz2Rxwrx9fydQsPOgDK2oczBxzuIE$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Sat Apr 25 15:52:29 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 251552
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    1152 AM EDT Sat Apr 25 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Sat Apr 25 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 26 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR SOUTHEAST
    OKLAHOMA, NORTHEAST TEXAS, AND FAR SOUTHWEST ARKANSAS...

    16z Update...

    Only adjustment to the previous outlook was to introduce a Slight
    Risk for an area encompassing southeast OK, northeast TX, and far=20
    southwest AR. This region has been highlighted by several CAMs,=20
    including many recent HRRR and RRFS runs, with greatest potential=20
    for training/backbuilding supercells as well as later tonight
    redeveloping showers and thunderstorms along a quasi- stationary=20
    boundary. This boundary may also be reinforced by outflow from=20
    initial developing supercells and is why the Slight Risk was=20
    hedged southward compared to some northern solutions. Timing of=20
    this event appears to begin after 21Z as storms initiate across=20 central/eastern OK and even possibly north TX before spreading=20
    eastward and gradually weakening by 03Z-06Z. However, continued=20
    rainfall is possible after 06Z as the LLJ increases above 40 kts in
    north TX and central OK overrunning the lingering outflow=20 boundary/stationary front.

    Rainfall rates are likely to exceed 2"/hr within the most intense=20
    updrafts and where hail doesn't become the primary hydrometeor.=20
    Should these cells train or backbuild over the same area, rainfall=20
    totals within a 3 to 6-hr period could exceed 3" and produce=20
    scattered instances of flash flooding. The 12Z HREF highlighted=20
    these probabilities (3" per 6-hr) at 25-30% across the Slight Risk=20
    area through 06Z Sunday. There remains the potential for=20
    thunderstorm coverage to remain isolated and/or include fast=20
    forward propagation, which would limit the flash flood threat.

    Snell

    Previous Discussion...

    Very strong instability is likely to develop later today across=20
    the southern Plains as a consequence of considerable northward=20
    moisture advection. Convective initiation may be delayed until=20
    around or after 00Z as it will take time to erode an inversion.=20
    Eventually this is expected to give way to scattered supercells,=20
    which should then grow into convective clusters and progress to the
    southeast during the overnight hours. The environment will be=20
    supportive of heavy rain rates to around 2 inches per hour with PW=20
    values around 1.5 inches (90th percentile for late April in the=20
    region). Flash flooding would be possible where these rain rates=20
    can be sustained for a couple hours; that would be most likely to=20
    occur via cell mergers leading to brief periods of training.

    A targeted upgrade to a Slight Risk may be needed later today, as
    there is a chance for more focused training and backbuilding along
    a composite outflow boundary and warm front that will gradually be
    pushing north into southeast Oklahoma and southwest Arkansas. While
    models have come into better agreement on the location of this
    boundary, and the relatively strong low-level convergence
    associated with it, many models also show somewhat limited
    convective coverage, which would reduce opportunities for training
    and a focused corridor of heavy rainfall. If greater development
    along and near the boundary becomes apparent, the alignment of
    shear vectors with the boundary orientation would increase the risk
    of flash flooding and may warrant an upgrade.

    Another area of higher QPF values (1-2 inches) is forecast from
    the Poconos into the greater New York City area today and tonight.
    This area was not outlooked in the ERO as the rain is expected via
    steady light-moderate rain for much of the day, with a lack of
    instability and chances of even 0.5 inch per hour rain rates
    negligible to nil. Therefore, any impacts from the rain would not
    be expected to be of the flash flood variety.

    Lamers

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Sun Apr 26 2026 - 12Z Mon Apr 27 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN THE CENTRAL
    PLAINS...

    Strong cyclogenesis in the central Plains on Sunday will facilitate
    significant northward moisture transport and a more expansive area
    of thunderstorm activity in the region. The most notable change to
    the existing outlook was to reduce the size of the Marginal Risk
    and focus it more directly in the Central Plains. That is where the
    forcing is expected to be strongest: the left exit region of an
    upper level jet and strong positive vorticity advection. Further
    south, in Oklahoma and Arkansas, the trend in QPF guidance has been
    drier, with expectations for weaker forcing and less favorable
    low-level lapse rates associated with a warm nose. Some models keep
    areas that far south almost completely dry now; therefore the
    Marginal Risk has been removed and focused further north. Where the
    risk area still exists, the primary question at this point will be
    the amount of available instability. More unstable scenarios could
    support convective clusters with higher rain rates (in excess of 1
    inch per hour) that could lead to isolated flash flooding.
    Scenarios with less instability could limit rain rates. Given these uncertainties, expect further refinement of the outlook in
    subsequent updates. Although some potential for heavy rain exists
    from central Nebraska into central South Dakota in some guidance,
    flash flood guidance is much higher in those locations, so the
    northwest extent of the Marginal Risk was constrained by the
    presence of less favorable soil conditions.

    Lamers

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Mon Apr 27 2026 - 12Z Tue Apr 28 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL OVER NORTHERN
    ILLINOIS AND FAR SOUTHERN WISCONSIN...

    A deep cyclone will continue to make steady progress northeastward
    on Monday from the central Plains into the western Great Lakes. A
    broad 50-60 knot low-level jet to the east of the cyclone and
    accompanying cold front will continue significant northward
    moisture transport with 1 inch PW likely to extend to the Canadian
    border and 1.5 inch PW potentially reaching to southern Wisconsin.
    This would place most of the Mississippi Valley firmly in the
    90-95th percentile for PW in late April. This will support
    relatively high rain rates in the abundant convection expected
    along and ahead of the aforementioned cold front. This is reflected
    in a broad Marginal Risk over much of the Middle and Upper
    Mississippi Valley. The risk is held at that level for most of the
    region due to the expectation for relatively narrow squall lines
    forced by the cold front as the primary contributer to rainfall
    over the 24-hour period. Those squall lines should steadily (or
    even rapidly) advance eastward and that would limit the duration
    of heavy rainfall at any one location. Rain rates will be high
    enough that isolated flash flooding is still possible.

    A Slight Risk was introduced in a small area of northern Illinois
    and far southern Wisconsin where there is an overlap of higher
    probabilities of 2+ inch rainfall (25-40 percent per NBM v5.0) and
    anomalously high streamflow and soil moisture due to significant
    rainfall over the past couple weeks. While the risk of flash
    flooding is slightly higher in these areas, the same limitation of
    relatively fast progression of thunderstorms described above still
    applies. Additionally, there is some uncertainty about the degree
    of instability this far north; an easterly component to the low-
    level flow may advect more stable air from the cool Lake Michigan
    into adjacent land areas. Models that embrace that scenario tend to
    show a rapid decay of convection as it progresses east into
    southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois, so this will need to be
    monitored as details come into focus. Nevertheless, enough signal
    for heavy rainfall exists in an area of increased vulnerability to
    justify higher ERO probabilities with this update.

    Lamers


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!_MdXzgMn2Y3Iil8ylNuyBYZp7XstwZqPd0E8ShA4umkd= sTh_4SuyeSjBudbKHr0YfWnolx13yYGrxhzJyc0L4tguqWI$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!_MdXzgMn2Y3Iil8ylNuyBYZp7XstwZqPd0E8ShA4umkd= sTh_4SuyeSjBudbKHr0YfWnolx13yYGrxhzJyc0L2B-dIXQ$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!_MdXzgMn2Y3Iil8ylNuyBYZp7XstwZqPd0E8ShA4umkd= sTh_4SuyeSjBudbKHr0YfWnolx13yYGrxhzJyc0LiJl_jYw$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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  • From COD Weather Processor@1:2320/107 to [email protected] on Sat Apr 25 19:19:59 2026
    FOUS30 KWBC 251919
    QPFERD

    Excessive Rainfall Discussion
    NWS Weather Prediction Center College Park MD
    319 PM EDT Sat Apr 25 2026

    Day 1
    Valid 16Z Sat Apr 25 2026 - 12Z Sun Apr 26 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL FOR SOUTHEAST
    OKLAHOMA, NORTHEAST TEXAS, AND FAR SOUTHWEST ARKANSAS...

    16z Update...

    Only adjustment to the previous outlook was to introduce a Slight
    Risk for an area encompassing southeast OK, northeast TX, and far
    southwest AR. This region has been highlighted by several CAMs,
    including many recent HRRR and RRFS runs, with greatest potential
    for training/backbuilding supercells as well as later tonight
    redeveloping showers and thunderstorms along a quasi- stationary
    boundary. This boundary may also be reinforced by outflow from
    initial developing supercells and is why the Slight Risk was
    hedged southward compared to some northern solutions. Timing of
    this event appears to begin after 21Z as storms initiate across
    central/eastern OK and even possibly north TX before spreading
    eastward and gradually weakening by 03Z-06Z. However, continued
    rainfall is possible after 06Z as the LLJ increases above 40 kts in
    north TX and central OK overrunning the lingering outflow
    boundary/stationary front.

    Rainfall rates are likely to exceed 2"/hr within the most intense
    updrafts and where hail doesn't become the primary hydrometeor.
    Should these cells train or backbuild over the same area, rainfall
    totals within a 3 to 6-hr period could exceed 3" and produce
    scattered instances of flash flooding. The 12Z HREF highlighted
    these probabilities (3" per 6-hr) at 25-30% across the Slight Risk
    area through 06Z Sunday. There remains the potential for
    thunderstorm coverage to remain isolated and/or include fast
    forward propagation, which would limit the flash flood threat.

    Snell

    Previous Discussion...

    Very strong instability is likely to develop later today across
    the southern Plains as a consequence of considerable northward
    moisture advection. Convective initiation may be delayed until
    around or after 00Z as it will take time to erode an inversion.
    Eventually this is expected to give way to scattered supercells,
    which should then grow into convective clusters and progress to the
    southeast during the overnight hours. The environment will be
    supportive of heavy rain rates to around 2 inches per hour with PW
    values around 1.5 inches (90th percentile for late April in the
    region). Flash flooding would be possible where these rain rates
    can be sustained for a couple hours; that would be most likely to
    occur via cell mergers leading to brief periods of training.

    A targeted upgrade to a Slight Risk may be needed later today, as
    there is a chance for more focused training and backbuilding along
    a composite outflow boundary and warm front that will gradually be
    pushing north into southeast Oklahoma and southwest Arkansas. While
    models have come into better agreement on the location of this
    boundary, and the relatively strong low-level convergence
    associated with it, many models also show somewhat limited
    convective coverage, which would reduce opportunities for training
    and a focused corridor of heavy rainfall. If greater development
    along and near the boundary becomes apparent, the alignment of
    shear vectors with the boundary orientation would increase the risk
    of flash flooding and may warrant an upgrade.

    Another area of higher QPF values (1-2 inches) is forecast from
    the Poconos into the greater New York City area today and tonight.
    This area was not outlooked in the ERO as the rain is expected via
    steady light-moderate rain for much of the day, with a lack of
    instability and chances of even 0.5 inch per hour rain rates
    negligible to nil. Therefore, any impacts from the rain would not
    be expected to be of the flash flood variety.

    Lamers

    Day 2
    Valid 12Z Sun Apr 26 2026 - 12Z Mon Apr 27 2026

    ...THERE IS A MARGINAL RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL IN THE CENTRAL
    PLAINS...

    Strong cyclogenesis in the central Plains on Sunday will facilitate
    significant northward moisture transport and a more expansive area
    of thunderstorm activity in the region. This is also where the=20
    forcing is expected to be strongest: the left exit region of an=20
    upper level jet and strong positive vorticity advection. Only minor
    changes were made to the previous outlook, including trimming more
    of the southern edge and expanding eastward a bit in northern MO.=20
    Where the risk area exists, the primary question at this point will
    be the amount of available instability. More unstable scenarios=20
    could support convective clusters with higher rain rates (in excess
    of 1 inch per hour) that could lead to isolated flash flooding.=20
    Scenarios with less instability could limit rain rates. Given these uncertainties, expect further refinement of the outlook in=20
    subsequent updates. Although some potential for heavy rain exists=20
    from central Nebraska into central South Dakota in some guidance,=20
    flash flood guidance is much higher in those locations, so the=20
    northwest extent of the Marginal Risk remains constrained by the=20
    presence of less favorable soil conditions. The 12Z HREF highlights
    the greatest potential for storm total rainfall amounts exceeding=20
    3 inches throughout southwest IA and far northwest MO, where 40km=20 neighborhood probabilities are 40-60%.

    Lamers/Snell

    Day 3
    Valid 12Z Mon Apr 27 2026 - 12Z Tue Apr 28 2026

    ...THERE IS A SLIGHT RISK OF EXCESSIVE RAINFALL OVER NORTHERN
    ILLINOIS AND FAR SOUTHERN WISCONSIN...

    A deep cyclone will continue to make steady progress northeastward
    on Monday from the central Plains into the western Great Lakes. A
    broad 50-60 knot low-level jet to the east of the cyclone and
    accompanying cold front will continue significant northward
    moisture transport with 1 inch PW likely to extend to the Canadian
    border and 1.5 inch PW potentially reaching to southern Wisconsin.
    This would place most of the Mississippi Valley firmly in the
    90-95th percentile for PW in late April. This will support
    relatively high rain rates in the abundant convection expected
    along and ahead of the aforementioned cold front. This is reflected
    in a broad Marginal Risk over much of the Middle and Upper
    Mississippi Valley. The risk is held at that level for most of the
    region due to the expectation for relatively narrow squall lines
    forced by the cold front as the primary contributer to rainfall
    over the 24-hour period. Those squall lines should steadily (or
    even rapidly) advance eastward and that would limit the duration
    of heavy rainfall at any one location. Rain rates will be high
    enough that isolated flash flooding is still possible.

    A Slight Risk remains in a small area of northern Illinois and far
    southern Wisconsin where there is an overlap of higher=20
    probabilities of 2+ inch rainfall (25-40 percent per NBM v5.0) and=20 anomalously high streamflow and soil moisture due to significant=20
    rainfall over the past couple weeks. While the risk of flash=20
    flooding is slightly higher in these areas, the same limitation of=20 relatively fast progression of thunderstorms described above still=20
    applies. Additionally, there is some uncertainty about the degree=20
    of instability this far north; an easterly component to the low-=20
    level flow may advect more stable air from the cool Lake Michigan=20
    into adjacent land areas. Models that embrace that scenario tend to
    show a rapid decay of convection as it progresses east into=20
    southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois, so this will need to be=20
    monitored as details come into focus. Nevertheless, enough signal=20
    for heavy rainfall exists in an area of increased vulnerability to=20
    justify higher ERO probabilities at the moment.

    Lamers/Snell


    Day 1 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/94epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!8A5cTKPYJGUziGw3sL9yY_9Dcqi_1nwOH42GHNm1wlIf= bOthYfCvU7JgZ4n6Wcu-nZBy9vp3JwQgUoRTNIcicWuy2SU$=20
    Day 2 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/98epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!8A5cTKPYJGUziGw3sL9yY_9Dcqi_1nwOH42GHNm1wlIf= bOthYfCvU7JgZ4n6Wcu-nZBy9vp3JwQgUoRTNIcipAIkmrY$=20
    Day 3 threat area: https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.go= v/qpf/99epoints.txt__;!!DZ3fjg!8A5cTKPYJGUziGw3sL9yY_9Dcqi_1nwOH42GHNm1wlIf= bOthYfCvU7JgZ4n6Wcu-nZBy9vp3JwQgUoRTNIcimfiwVpw$=20

    =3D =3D =3D
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